7 YOUR ACCOUNT If you use any Amazon Service you are responsible for maintaining the confidentiality of your account and password and for restricting access to your computer, and to the extent permitted by applicable law you agree to accept responsibility for all activities that occur under your account or password. You should take all necessary steps to ensure that the password is kept confidential and secure and should inform us immediately if you have any reason to believe that your password has become known to anyone else, or if the password is being, or is likely to be used in an unauthorised manner. You are responsible for ensuring that the details you provide us with are correct and complete, and for informing us of any changes to the information you have provided. You can access and update much of the information you have provided us with, including your account settings, in the Your Account area of the website. You must not use any Amazon Service: (i) in any way that causes, or is likely to cause, any Amazon Service, or any access to it to be interrupted, damaged or impaired in any way, or (ii) for fraudulent purposes, or in connection with a criminal offence or other unlawful activity, or (iii) to cause annoyance, inconvenience or anxiety. We reserve the right to refuse service, terminate accounts or remove or edit content if you are in breach of applicable laws, these Conditions -- responsible for examining or evaluating, and we do not warrant the offerings of, any of these businesses or individuals or the content of their websites. Amazon does not assume any responsibility or liability for the actions, product, and content of all of these or any other third parties. You can tell when a third party is involved in your transactions, and we may share your information related to those transactions with that third party. You should carefully review their privacy statements and other conditions of use. 12 AMAZON'S ROLE Amazon allows third party sellers to list and sell their products at Amazon.co.uk. In each such case this is indicated on the respective -- be found below any listing under "Product Details". "ISBN-10" stands for International Standard Book Number and is a ten (10) digit identifier that can be found on some book listings under "Product Details". Important Warning: giving false, misleading or inaccurate information in the Notice Form to Amazon may result in civil and/or criminal liability. You should contact a legal advisor should you have any questions. 20 NOTICE AND PROCEDURE FOR NOTIFYING AMAZON OF DEFAMATORY CONTENT Because millions of products are listed and many thousands of comments are hosted on Amazon.co.uk, it is not possible for us to be aware of -- page or otherwise on the website, we cannot be more specific about availability. As we process your order, we will inform you by e-mail as soon as possible if any products you order turn out to be unavailable and you will not be charged for those products. Please note that unless otherwise stated on the website, delivery estimates are just that. They are not guaranteed delivery times and should not be relied upon as such. Despite our best efforts, a small number of the items in our catalogue may be mispriced. We will verify pricing when processing your order and before we take payment. If we have made a mistake and a product's correct price is higher than the price on the website, we may either contact you before shipping to request whether you want to buy the product at the correct price or cancel your order. If a product's -- 5 CUSTOMS When ordering products from Amazon for delivery outside of the EU you may be subject to import duties and taxes, which are levied once the package reaches the specified destination. Any additional charges for customs clearance must be borne by you; we have no control over these charges. Customs policies vary widely from country to country, so you should contact your local customs office for further information. Additionally, please note that when ordering from Amazon, you are considered the importer of record and must comply with all laws and regulations of the country in which you are receiving the products. Your privacy is important to us and we would like our international customers to be aware that cross-border deliveries are subject to opening and inspection by customs authorities. For more information see Customs Information. 1. Basic Terms You are responsible for your use of the Services, for any Content you post to the Services, and for any consequences thereof. The Content you submit, post, or display will be able to be viewed by other users of the Services and through third party services and websites (go to the account settings page to control who sees your Content). You should only provide Content that you are comfortable sharing with others under these Terms. Tip What you say on Twitter may be viewed all around the world instantly. You are what you Tweet! -- Any information that you provide to Twitter is subject to our Privacy Policy, which governs our collection and use of your information. You understand that through your use of the Services you consent to the collection and use (as set forth in the Privacy Policy) of this information, including the transfer of this information to the United States and/or other countries for storage, processing and use by Twitter. As part of providing you the Services, we may need to provide you with certain communications, such as service announcements and administrative messages. These communications are considered part of the Services and your Twitter account, which you may not be able to opt-out from receiving. Tip You can opt-out of most communications from Twitter including our -- the rights, property or safety of Twitter, its users and the public. Tip Twitter does not disclose personally identifying information to third parties except in accordance with our Privacy Policy. Except as permitted through the Services, these Terms, or the terms provided on dev.twitter.com, you have to use the Twitter API if you want to reproduce, modify, create derivative works, distribute, sell, transfer, publicly display, publicly perform, transmit, or otherwise use the Content or Services. Tip We encourage and permit broad re-use of Content. The Twitter API exists to enable this. -- The Terms will continue to apply until terminated by either you or Twitter as follows. You may end your legal agreement with Twitter at any time for any reason by deactivating your accounts and discontinuing your use of the Services. You do not need to specifically inform Twitter when you stop using the Services. If you stop using the Services without deactivating your accounts, your accounts may be deactivated due to prolonged inactivity under our Inactive Account Policy. We may suspend or terminate your accounts or cease providing you with all or part of the Services at any time for any reason, including, but RIGHTS. GIFTS Gifts purchased from the Services may be purchased only for, and redeemed only by, persons in the United States, its territories, and possessions. Gift recipients must have compatible hardware and parental control settings to utilize some gifts. PRE-ORDERS By pre-ordering products, you are authorizing the Services to automatically charge your account and download the product when it -- purchase or rent digital content ("iTunes Products") for end user use only under the terms and conditions set forth in this Agreement. REQUIREMENTS FOR USE OF THE ITUNES SERVICE This iTunes Service is available for individuals aged 13 years or older. If you are 13 or older but under the age of 18, you should review this Agreement with your parent or guardian to make sure that you and your parent or guardian understand it. The iTunes Service is available to you only in the United States, its territories, and possessions. You agree not to use or attempt to use the iTunes Service from outside these locations. Apple may use -- and security of your Account and for all activities that occur on or through your Account, and you agree to immediately notify Apple of any security breach of your Account. Apple shall not be responsible for any losses arising out of the unauthorized use of your Account. In order to purchase and download iTunes Products from the iTunes Service, you must enter your Apple ID and password to authenticate your Account. Once you have authenticated your Account, you will not need to authenticate again for fifteen minutes. During this time, you will be able to purchase and download iTunes Products without re-entering your password. You can turn off the ability to make iTunes Product purchases by adjusting the settings on your computer or iOS Device. For more information, please see http://support.apple.com/kb/HT1904 or http://support.apple.com/kb/HT4213. -- iTunes Match permits you to remotely access your matched or uploaded songs, and music videos you have purchased with your Account, along with related metadata, playlists, and other information about your iTunes Library (“iTunes Match Content”). You may subscribe to iTunes Match for an annual fee. You must have a valid credit card on file with iTunes to subscribe. The subscription is non-refundable (except as required by applicable law), and will automatically renew for one-year periods until you cancel. Your account will be charged no more than 24 hours prior to the expiration of the current subscription period. You may cancel automatic renewal by adjusting the iTunes Store account settings on your computer. You will -- about the media in your iTunes library with your Account; the association with your Account will continue for a period of time after your subscription ends. Apple will otherwise use this information as described in the Privacy Section of this Agreement. You will not be able to disable Genius while using iTunes Match, so if you prefer that we do not collect and use information from your iTunes library in this manner, you should not use iTunes Match. You hereby agree to use iTunes Match only for lawfully acquired content. Any use for illegitimate content infringes the rights of others and may subject you to civil and criminal penalties, including possible monetary damages, for copyright infringement. iTunes Match is provided on an “AS IS” basis and may contain errors or inaccuracies that could cause failures, corruption or loss of data and/or information, including music, playlist, and play history, from your computer or device and from peripherals (including, without limitation, servers and other computers) connected thereto. You should back up all data and information on your computer or device and any peripherals prior to using iTunes Match. You expressly acknowledge and agree that all use of iTunes Match is at your sole risk. To the extent permitted by law, Apple shall have no liability with respect to your use of iTunes Match, including the inability to access matched or uploaded content. -- At all times your information will be treated in accordance with Apple’s Privacy Policy. Once you opt in to the Genius feature in iTunes, you will be able to create Genius playlists on Genius-capable devices. To enable the Genius feature on a device, you must sync it with your iTunes library after you have opted in. If you prefer that we do not collect and use information from your iTunes library in this manner, you should not enable the Genius feature. You can revoke your opt-in choice at any time by turning off the Genius feature from the Store menu in iTunes on your computer. After you opt out, iTunes will no longer send information about your iTunes library to Apple. If you have elected to share your library from multiple computers, you need to turn off the Genius feature from each computer. The Genius feature cannot be enabled or disabled from your device. By opting in to the Genius feature, you consent to the use of your information as described above and as described in Apple’s Privacy Policy. -- (viii) An HDCP connection is required to view content transmitted over HDMI. (ix) Content Rentals (a) Content rentals are viewable on only one device at a time. You must be connected to the iTunes Service when moving rentals, and you may do so only between your computer and other compatible devices. Content rented using your Apple TV, iPad, iPhone 4, or iPod touch (4th generation) may not be moved. If you move a rental to a compatible device and then use the iTunes Service to restore that device, or choose Settings > Reset > Erase all content and settings on that device, the rental will be permanently deleted. (b) Once you purchase a rental, you must fully download the rental within thirty (30) days. You have thirty (30) days after downloading a rental to begin viewing. Once you begin viewing, you have twenty-four (24) hours to finish viewing a movie. Stopping, pausing, or restarting a rental does not extend the available time for viewing. Some iTunes Products, including but not limited to Content rentals, may -- to such change or discontinuation, and that Apple shall have no liability to you in such case. SEASON PASS, MULTI-PASS, ITUNES PASS The full price of the Season Pass, Multi-Pass, or iTunes Pass is charged upon purchase. You must connect to the iTunes Service and download any remaining Pass content within 90 days after the final Pass content becomes available (or such other time period as may be specified on the purchase page), after which that content may no longer be available for download as part of the purchase. If automatic renewal is selected when you purchase a Multi-Pass, you will be charged the full price of each subsequent Multi-Pass cycle, unless and until you -- Product types and descriptions are provided for convenience, and you agree that Apple does not guarantee their accuracy. IMPORTANT SAFETY INFORMATION To avoid muscle, joint, or eye strain during your use of the products offered through the iTunes Service, you should always take frequent breaks, and take a longer rest if you experience any soreness, fatigue, or discomfort. A very small percentage of people may experience seizures or blackouts when exposed to flashing lights or patterns, including but not limited to while playing video games or watching videos. Symptoms may include dizziness, nausea, involuntary movements, loss of awareness, altered vision, tingling, numbness, or other discomforts. Consult a doctor before using the products offered through the iTunes Service if you have ever suffered these or similar symptoms, and stop using such products immediately and see a doctor if they occur during your use of such products. Parents should monitor their children’s use of the products offered through the iTunes Service for signs of symptoms. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY You agree that the iTunes Service, including but not limited to iTunes -- terminate the license to the software; and/or (iii) preclude access to the iTunes Service (or any part thereof). Apple reserves the right to modify, suspend, or discontinue the iTunes Service (or any part or content thereof) at any time with or without notice to you, and Apple will not be liable to you or to any third party should it exercise such rights. DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTIES; LIABILITY LIMITATION APPLE DOES NOT GUARANTEE, REPRESENT, OR WARRANT THAT YOUR USE OF THE ITUNES SERVICE WILL BE UNINTERRUPTED OR ERROR-FREE, AND YOU AGREE THAT FROM TIME TO TIME APPLE MAY REMOVE THE ITUNES SERVICE FOR INDEFINITE -- users may be individuals acting in their own capacities, commercial enterprises or educational institutions. REQUIREMENTS FOR USE OF THE APP AND BOOK SERVICES These App and Book Services are available for individuals aged 13 years or older. If you are 13 or older but under the age of 18, you should review this Agreement with your parent or guardian to make sure that you and your parent or guardian understand it. The App and Book Services are available to you only in the United States, its territories, and possessions. You agree not to use or attempt to use the App and Book Services from outside these locations. -- and security of your Account, and for all activities that occur on or through your Account, and you agree to immediately notify Apple of any security breach of your Account. Apple shall not be responsible for any losses arising out of the unauthorized use of your Account. In order to purchase and download App and Book Products from the App and Book Services, you must enter your Apple ID and password to authenticate your Account. Once you have authenticated your Account, you will not need to authenticate again for fifteen minutes. During this time, you will be able to purchase and download App and Book Products without re-entering your password. You can turn off the ability to make App and Book Product purchases by adjusting the settings on your computer or iOS Device. For more information, please see http://support.apple.com/kb/HT1904 or http://support.apple.com/kb/HT4213. -- terminate the license to the software; and/or (iii) preclude access to the App and Book Services (or any part thereof). Apple reserves the right to modify, suspend, or discontinue the App and Book Services (or any part or content thereof) at any time with or without notice to you, and Apple will not be liable to you or to any third party should it exercise such rights. DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTIES; LIABILITY LIMITATIONS APPLE DOES NOT GUARANTEE, REPRESENT, OR WARRANT THAT YOUR USE OF THE APP AND BOOK SERVICES WILL BE UNINTERRUPTED OR ERROR-FREE, AND YOU AGREE THAT FROM TIME TO TIME APPLE MAY REMOVE THE APP AND BOOK SERVICES -- received by you, Apple shall be without liability to you in the event of any loss, destruction, or damage. All In App Purchases are deemed App Store Products, and In App Purchases received within Third-Party Products are deemed Third-Party Products, and treated as such, for purposes of these terms and conditions. You must authenticate to acquire In-App Purchases separately from any authentication to obtain App Store Products by entering your password when prompted, but once you have authenticated to obtain an In-App Purchase, you will be able to acquire additional In-App Purchases for fifteen minutes without re-entering your password. You can turn off the ability to acquire In-App Purchases on your iOS Device by following the steps outlined at http://support.apple.com/kb/HT4213. -- by deleting the App Store Product from your device. Certain paid In App Subscriptions may offer a free trial period prior to charging your Account. If you decide you do not want to purchase the In App Subscription, turn off auto-renewal in your Account settings during the free trial period. Certain In App Subscriptions may be designated as “Newsstand” products, in which case they will appear only within the Newsstand application on your device after download. You should also review additional information about the paid In App Subscription offer at the point of sale within the App Store Product. We may ask for your permission to provide the name, email address and zip code listed in your Account to the Application Provider so that the Application Provider can send you marketing messages about its own products in accordance with its publicly posted privacy policy. Once the -- Once you opt in to the Genius for Apps feature on a Genius-capable system, you will be able to create Genius recommendations on that system. If you prefer that we do not collect and use information from your device or system in this manner, you should not enable the Genius feature. You can opt out at any time by turning off the Genius feature from the App Store Account page on your device and/or system. If you have elected to share Genius for Apps information from multiple devices and/or systems, you need to turn off the Genius feature from each device and system to opt out. MAC APP STORE PRODUCT USAGE RULES Except as otherwise set forth herein, -- Device or the one that you subsequently designate as primary using the iTunes application. IMPORTANT SAFETY INFORMATION To avoid muscle, joint, or eye strain during video game play, you should always take frequent breaks from playing, and take a longer rest if you experience any soreness, fatigue, or discomfort. A very small percentage of people may experience seizures or blackouts when exposed to flashing lights or patterns, including while playing video games or watching videos. Symptoms may include dizziness, nausea, involuntary movements, loss of awareness, altered vision, tingling, numbness, or other discomforts. Consult a doctor before playing video games if you have ever suffered these or similar symptoms, and stop playing immediately and see a doctor if they occur during game play. Parents should monitor their children’s video game play for signs of symptoms. IPOD GAMES Updates to your existing compatible iPod device’s firmware may render your purchased version of an iPod Game incompatible. Games purchased from the iTunes Store may not be compatible with future generations of -- you to use the Licensed Application on any Apple Device that you do not own or control, and except as provided in the Usage Rules, you may not distribute or make the Licensed Application available over a network where it could be used by multiple devices at the same time. You may not rent, lease, lend, sell, transfer redistribute, or sublicense the Licensed Application and, if you sell your Mac Computer or iOS Device to a third party, you must remove the Licensed Application from the Mac Computer or iOS Device before doing so. You may not copy (except as expressly permitted by this license and the Usage Rules), decompile, reverse-engineer, disassemble, attempt to derive the source code of, modify, or create derivative works of the Licensed Application, any updates, or any part thereof (except as and only to the extent that any foregoing restriction is prohibited by applicable law or to the extent -- person for any third-party services, Third Party Materials or web sites, or for any other materials, products, or services of third parties. Third Party Materials and links to other web sites are provided solely as a convenience to you. Financial information displayed by any External Services is for general informational purposes only and should not be relied upon as investment advice. Before executing any securities transaction based upon information obtained through the External Services, you should consult with a financial or securities professional who is legally qualified to give financial or securities advice in your country or region. Location data provided by any External Services is for basic navigational purposes only and is not intended to be relied upon in situations where precise location information is needed or where erroneous, inaccurate, time-delayed or incomplete location data may lead to death, personal content border ETC House Rules and Policies Attendance * You must attend all classes. * You must telephone before class starts if you are late, sick or going to be absent. If you are sick for more than three days your tutor may request a medical certificate from a doctor. * All appointments should be made outside class time. If you have an appointment during class time, your tutor may request written proof of the appointment. * To keep your enrolment at ETC it is necessary to maintain an average attendance of 90%. * Certificates issued by ETC will include information about individual attendance. Changes of Address of Telephone Number * Tell us if you move to another address; we need to keep your contact details updated. * If you change your type of accommodation or phone number, please let us know. Dress Code * Clean and tidy clothing is required when you are attending the course. * When you are on work experience, visiting outside agencies or you are attending a job interview, you must wear appropriate clothing. Behaviour * A high standard of behaviour and respect for others is expected at all times in and out of the classroom. This includes class trips away from the school. -- cell-phones, MP3, books and electric dictionaries. ETC takes no responsibility for your own property. __________________________________________________________________ ETC Equipment and Property * All ETC property must be used carefully and any damage reported as soon as possible. * Students may be required to pay for any wilful damage No Smoking * No smoking in or near the building any time. * No Spitting - it is very unhealthy to spit, and in New Zealand, it is very disrespectful to spit in public. Alcohol and Drugs * Alcohol and drugs are not to be used or brought to ETC. * You must not attend classes under the influence of drugs or alcohol. Computers * No food or drink is allowed in the computer area. * No computer games are to be played during class time. -- The school shall not be liable if the services we state we offer cannot be provided for reasons beyond our control. __________________________________________________________________ GRIEVANCE & COMPLAINTS PROCEDURES Minor complaints and issues related to course assessment, should first be directed towards the tutor or person concerned. All other complaints can be directed to the Centre Manager Wellington, PO Box 9787, Newtown Wellington or the Director at Head Office, PO Box 995, Palmerston North. If there is no resolution of the complaint, then the Manager or -- ACCIDENT INSURANCE: The Accident Compensation Corporation provides accident insurance for all New Zealand citizens, residents and temporary visitors to New Zealand, but you may still be liable for all other medical and related costs. Further information can be viewed on the ACC website at http://www.acc.co.nz. MEDICAL AND TRAVEL INSURANCE: International students must have appropriate and current medical and travel insurance while studying in New Zealand. ____________________ In This Section It is impossible to set specific standards regarding levels of noise in a residence hall which will satisfy all residents. Individual levels of noise tolerance vary widely. The purpose of the House System is to offer conditions which permit reasonable order for study and sleep. At no time may a resident create excessive noise which will disturb other residents. After 11 p.m. on weeknights and 1 a.m. on weekends, residents must contain noise in their rooms and in the public areas of the Houses at levels which will not prevent other residents from studying or sleeping. Exceptions to these limits may occasionally be made on weekends for formal House events which have the prior approval of the House Council and the Resident Heads. a. Residents may not practice or play musical instruments, electronic or acoustic, in student rooms, but should use music practice rooms for those activities. b. Excessive noise is a problem not only for residents, but for people living in the buildings neighboring the residence halls. Residents must act to keep noise from unduly disturbing neighbors as well as other residents. 2. Personal Abuse The residence halls are intended to be communities where the -- the rights of others. Housing staff members have the responsibility to ensure that this and all policies of the House System are observed. In protection of these rights and responsibilities, residents may not engage in personal abuse, written or oral, directed against other residents, guests, or members of the housing staff. Any form of abusive, threatening, or harassing behavior will be considered grounds for serious disciplinary action by the housing staff. Residents must also respect the personal property and assigned space of other members of the House System. 3. Dangerous Acts Residents may not engage in activities which threaten the safety of -- 3. Private Parties in the Residence Halls Students are allowed to host private parties in their rooms in the residence halls with prior approval from the Resident Heads and in compliance with the House System Private Party Policy. Student hosts must assume full responsibility for the party and for the conduct of all guests at the party. Copies of the Private Party Policy are available from the Resident Heads. 4. Smoking The Illinois Clean Indoor Air Act provides that "smoking is prohibited -- to disciplinary action including oral warnings, formal written warnings (probation) and removal from the House or House System. 1. Visitor Procedures Most of the University House System residence halls are served by front desks at which residents' visitors must register before gaining access to the residence hall. Hosts must be present in the building to acknowledge either in person or by phone that they are willing to receive the visitor. Visitors will not be permitted to enter unless the host is present. Visitors are required to be signed in to the visitors log by the front desk clerk upon entry to the hall. The clerk will note clearly the visitor's first and last names and the time and date of entry. Failure to follow visitor procedures may be cause for -- Housing who live in the House System year-round. 2. Restricted Dining Halls The residential dining halls at Bartlett, Pierce and South Campus, are open only to individuals who have a residential meal plan and to those guests who purchase individual meals. Students must abide by the policies and procedures specified on the House System website. 3. Overnight Guests House System guest procedures are based on the premise that residents of the House System ought to be able to have occasional personal guests -- the University community. Anyone who is not a regularly assigned resident of a room is considered a guest. Residents may not host guests overnight in their room without the consent of all assigned residents of the room. Guests may not remain for more than three nights in the student rooms without prior approval of the Housing staff. Guests who wish to reside in the residence halls for more than three days may be required to take other lodging within a hall, if available, and must register at the desk of that hall to receive these services. 4. Door-to-Door Solicitation Door-to-door solicitation in the residence halls is prohibited unless prior approval has been given by the Director of the Office of -- problems cannot be settled in this manner, the housing staff will enforce the rules and regulations of the House System and will impose disciplinary action as appropriate. On those occasions when members of the housing staff find it necessary to act in the role of University authority, residents are obliged to follow their directives. If a resident believes that a member of the housing staff is acting improperly, the resident should: a. Obey the instructions of the housing staff member. b. Inform the staff member that the resident believes the staff member is acting improperly. -- responses will be governed by the nature of the particular dispute or infraction. Initial action will begin at a higher level for serious offenses. House System disciplinary sanctions include: 1. An oral warning from the Assistant Resident Head or Resident Head: The student is told why a particular behavior is a problem and what must be done by the student to correct the problem. No records of oral warnings are kept outside of the House. 2. House System Probation: House System Probation is a formal, written warning that a student's behavior is unacceptable and must change. Probation is imposed because the behavioral problem is serious or because the student ignored a previous oral warning. House System Probation is usually imposed by a Resident Head, but may sometimes be initiated by the directors in the Office of Undergraduate Student Housing. Probation is normally imposed for a specific period of time, usually for the remainder of the academic year. If, after being placed -- disciplinary reasons may request a review of the decision of the directors of the University House System by the House System Disciplinary Review Committee. This Committee consists of three students drawn from lists of residents appointed by the Residence Hall Student Councils, and two Resident Heads drawn from a list appointed by the Director of the Office of Undergraduate Student Housing. A student who seeks a review of a disciplinary decision must, within 48 hours of the decision, submit a written request and any supporting material to the Director of the Office of Undergraduate Student Housing. Upon request, the student may be granted an additional 48 hours to prepare this material. The Review Committee will be convened as soon as possible after the student files for the review. At the hearing, both the Director of the Office of Undergraduate Student Housing (or a -- Removal from the House System A student who is required by the directors of the University House System to leave the House System for disciplinary reasons may request a review of the decision by the student's Area Disciplinary Committee. A student who seeks a review must, within 48 hours of the decision, submit a written request and any supporting material to the appropriate area Dean of Students with a copy to the Director of the Office of Undergraduate Student Housing. Upon request to the area Dean of Students, the student may be granted an additional 48 hours to prepare those materials. The appropriate Area Disciplinary Committee, to which will be added one Resident Head from the housing staff, will be -- followed, (2) that the penalty will have unforeseen consequences for the student that are harsher than intended, (3) that new information bears importantly in the student's favor. The decision of the Area Disciplinary Committee is final and binding on both the student and the University House System. Questions about these rules, regulations, and procedures should be directed to one of the directors in the University House System (housesystem@uchicago.edu, 773-702-7366). 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If you permit a child to use your device to access, view or listen to BBC Content on BBC Online Services you are solely responsible for deciding whether or not that BBC Content is appropriate for that child to view. If you are concerned about the suitability of BBC Content you should look at the BBC's "guidance labelling" information prior to accessing (or allowing children to access) BBC Content and/or where appropriate use the BBC Parental Guidance tool. Please be aware that if you do not set up BBC Parental Guidance anyone using your device will be able to view all available BBC Content, including guidance-labelled programmes. -- contributions to BBC Online Services. These Terms of Use and any Additional Terms for particular BBC Online Services set out the rules governing how you may do so and how the BBC may use your contribution. Your contribution may include text, photographs, graphics, video or audio. 5.2 If you submit your contribution to the BBC you must allow the BBC to use the material in your contribution in any way it may reasonably choose on a free-of-charge basis in any media throughout the world. Any contributions you make may be moderated by the BBC which means they may be reviewed, edited and/or removed. The BBC reserves the right to remove any of your contributions if the BBC believes that they do not comply with the Terms. -- parent/guardian if they are under 16. 5.6 We normally show your name with your contribution, unless you request otherwise, but for operational reasons this is not always possible. 5.7 The BBC may need to contact you for administrative or verification purposes in relation to your contribution, or in relation to particular projects. For full details of when and how we may contact you please see the BBC's Privacy and Cookies Policy plus any specific local terms, where applicable. 5.8 Please do not endanger yourself or others, take any unnecessary -- features of BBC Online Services will work on any particular device. 6.2 Interacting with BBC Online Services and other BBC Online Services users If you interact with BBC Online Services and other users of BBC Online Services the BBC may need to use some of your personal information. Please read the Privacy and Cookies Policy to find out how the BBC may use your personal information. * 6.2.1 Do I need to have a BBC account to interact with BBC Online Services and other BBC Online Services users? * Some of the features and functions of BBC Online Services are only available to users who have a free BBC website login, known as "BBC iD". Having a BBC iD allows you to sign in with a username and password so that you can access more features and functions, and so that you can interact with BBC services and other users of BBC -- Skip to top 7. What obligations do I have under the Terms? 7.1 Compliance with the Terms You must comply with the Terms, in particular the General restrictions on how you may use BBC Online Services. 7.2 Expenses, equipment and software You are solely responsible for paying all expenses you may incur when you access or use BBC Online Services or access or download BBC Content including your internet or data service provider charges and any excess charges to that provider if you have a limit on the amount of data you can download together with all costs of the equipment and software you need to connect to and use BBC Online Services. Accessing and using some BBC Online Services features to access, download, view or listen to BBC Content (especially video or audio) may lead to substantial bandwidth usage by you which can be expensive so you should be careful you do not exceed any 'bandwidth cap' on your account with your internet or data service provider. The BBC is not responsible if your equipment or software is not compatible with any BBC Online Service. BBC Content may be streamed or downloaded to your device from servers owned and operated by the BBC or (on behalf of the BBC) by third-party content distribution networks to enhance your experience when you watch -- The BBC reserves its right to modify, suspend or discontinue all or part of any BBC Online Service or any part of the BBC Content without giving you any notice. Any commentary, opinions or other materials included in BBC Content are not intended to amount to advice on which you should rely. 9.2 Types of loss or damage the BBC is not responsible for The BBC is not responsible for the following kinds of loss or damage which may arise from your use of BBC Online Services: * 9.2.1 loss or damage suffered by you or someone else when the BBC -- prejudicial to the image of the BBC (with reference to the BBC Guidelines); * 10.1.2 you breach the Terms in a way that cannot be corrected, or you fail to correct a breach within a reasonable period of time if the BBC asks you to do so; or * 10.1.3 there is, in the BBC's reasonable opinion, any reason why the BBC Online Services must be withdrawn. 10.2 What happens if the BBC stops making BBC Online Services available to me? If the BBC stops making BBC Online Services available to you, you may be asked to delete all BBC Content downloaded by you to your device(s). -- 11.5 What happens if there is a dispute arising out of the Terms? Any disputes arising out of the Terms will be governed by and interpreted in accordance with the laws of England and Wales (or the laws of Scotland or Northern Ireland if you live there). If you choose to bring proceedings in connection with the Terms you must do so in the courts of England and Wales unless you live in Scotland or Northern Ireland, in which case you can choose to bring proceedings there. Skip to top Terms of Use The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC/Radio Canada) owns and operates this Web, located at http://cbc.ca (the Web site). This Terms of Use Agreement (this Agreement) states the terms and conditions under which you may access and use the Web site. By accessing and using the Web site you are indicating your acceptance to be bound by the terms and conditions of this Agreement. If you do not accept these terms and conditions, you must not access or use the Web site. IF YOU ARE DISSATISFIED WITH THE TERMS, CONDITIONS, RULES, POLICIES, GUIDELINES OR PRACTICES OF THE CBC/Radio Canada OPERATING WEB SITE, YOUR SOLE AND EXCLUSIVE REMEDY IS TO DISCONTINUE USING IT. CBC/Radio Canada may revise this Agreement at any time by updating this posting. Use of the Web site after such changes are posted will signify your agreement to these revised terms. You should visit this page periodically to review this Agreement. Disclaimer of Warranties THE WEB SITE AND ALL CONTENT IS PROVIDED AS IS. BY ACCESSING AND USING THE WEB SITE YOU ACKNOWLEDGE AND AGREE THAT USE OF THE WEB SITE AND THE -- violates or infringes upon the rights of others, including material which is an invasion of privacy or publicity rights, or which is protected by copyright, trademark or other proprietary rights. CBC/Radio Canada reserves the right to prohibit or refuse to accept any link to the Web site, including, without limitation, any link which contains or makes available any content or information of the foregoing nature, at any time. You agree to remove any link you may have to the Web site upon the request of CBC/Radio Canada. RSS Please see our Content Feeds section below. -- Online Commerce The Web site may allow you to purchase many different types of products and services online that are provided by CBC/Radio Canada (the Wares and Services). When ordering Wares and Services on the Web site, you must provide complete and accurate personal information consisting of your name, address, telephone number, e-mail address, credit card information and shipping address, as well as any other information requested. Your receipt of an electronic form or other form of order confirmation does not signify our acceptance of your order, nor does it constitute -- CBC RADIO TWO & DESIGN are official marks or trademarks of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Other names, words, titles, phrases, logos, designs, graphics, icons and trademarks displayed on the Web site may constitute registered or unregistered trademarks of CBC/Radio Canada or third parties. While certain trademarks of third parties may be used by CBC/Radio Canada under license, the display of third-party trademarks on the Web site should not be taken to imply any relationship or license between CBC/Radio Canada and the owner of said trademark or to imply that CBC/Radio Canada endorses the wares, services or business of the owner of said trademark. Nothing contained on the Web site should be construed as granting you any license or right to use any trademark logo or design of CBC/Radio Canada or any third party, without the written permission of CBC/Radio Canada or the respective owner of any third-party trademark. No Advice The information contained on the Web site is for informational purposes only. It is not intended to provide legal, accounting, tax, investment, financial, medical or other advice to you, and you should not rely upon the information to provide any such advice. Submissions The Web site may provide features that allow you to post messages and content, to interact with CBC/Radio Canada and other users and to -- Notice and Procedure for Making Claims of Copyright Infringement It is the policy of CBC/Radio Canada to respond to claims of intellectual property infringement. CBC/Radio Canada will promptly process and investigate notices of alleged infringement and will take any actions, in its sole discretion, it deems appropriate. Notifications of claimed copyright infringement should be sent to http://www.cbc.ca/contact/ To be effective, the notification of infringement must be a written communication that includes the following: * A physical or electronic signature of a person authorized to act on behalf of the owner of an exclusive right that is allegedly infringed; * Identification of the copyrighted work claimed to have been -- distorted, and * you do not modify the stories or other content that are linked to by the Content Feeds. If you display an entire Content Feed on your personal web site, weblog or similar application, * you may not redistribute the Content Feed, and * you must provide attribution to CBC by including "CBC" in text adjacent to the Content Feed. Any other use of CBC's trademarks or service marks or of the Content Feeds requires the prior written permission of CBC. For commercial use of CBC content feeds, please visit our Commercial Usepage. a. Content CL does not control, is not responsible for and makes no representations or warranties with respect to any user content. You are solely responsible for your access to, use of and/or reliance on any user content. You must conduct any necessary, appropriate, prudent or judicious investigation, inquiry, research and due diligence with respect to any user content. You are also responsible for any content that you post or transmit and, if you create an account, you are responsible for all content posted or transmitted through or by use of your account. -- b. Conduct CL does not control, is not responsible for and makes no representations or warranties with respect to any user or user conduct. You are solely responsible for your interaction with or reliance on any user or user conduct. You must perform any necessary, appropriate, prudent or judicious investigation, inquiry, research and due diligence with respect to any user or user conduct. You are also responsible for your own conduct and activities on, through or related to craigslist, and, if you create an account on craigslist, you are responsible for all conduct or activities on, -- craigslist (see http://www.craigslist.org/about/sites) for which that content is most relevant. The same or substantially similar content (for example, an ad for a particular item or service, a particular offer, a particular message or a particular comment) may not be posted to or communicated via more than one such geographic area. Content that is equally relevant to multiple (i.e., more than one) geographic areas should not be posted on craigslist. The same or substantially similar content may not be posted in more than one craigslist category. A user may post content only in the single craigslist category to which it is most relevant, and must not post content to inappropriate categories. For example, content advertising classes or vocational training must be posted under the "classes" category of the "community" section and may not be posted in any "jobs" category. Likewise, content advertising auto financing must be posted under the "financial" category of the "services" sections and not under "cars/trucks" category in the "for sale" section. Similarly, services relating to real estate must be posted under "real estate" category of the "services" section and may not be posted to any category within the "housing" section. A user may post the same or substantially similar content no more than once every 48 hours. -- including phone-verified accounts; URL shortening, obfuscation or redirection; use of multiple phone lines or phone forwarding for verification; and content obfuscation via HTML techniques, printing text on images, inserting random text or content "spinning." It is expressly prohibited for any third party to post content to craigslist on behalf of another. Users must post content only on their own behalf, and may not permit, enable, induce or encourage any third party to post content for them. It is expressly prohibited to post content to craigslist using any automated means. Users must post all content personally and manually through all steps of the posting process. It is also expressly prohibited for any user to develop, offer, market, sell, distribute or provide an automated means to perform any step of the posting process (in whole or in part). Any user who develops, offers, markets, sells, distributes or provides an automated means to perform any step of the posting process (in whole or in part) shall -- specifically may not create or use additional accounts for the purpose of circumventing technological restrictions (security measures) in the posting process or otherwise for posting content in violation of the TOU. A user may create an account, including a PVA, only on his/her own behalf. A user must not permit, enable, induce or encourage others to create accounts or PVAs for him/her. The creation of accounts or PVAs for others is expressly prohibited. A user must only use his/her own account or PVA, and may not use any account or PVA of another. The purchase and sale of accounts, including but not limited to PVAs, is expressly prohibited. A user must create his/her account or PVA personally and manually and may not create accounts or PVAs by any automated means. Without limitation, this includes the obligation that the user personally and manually solves any CAPTCHA challenge in the account creation process. Further, a user must create any PVA using his/her own valid telephone number. The creation of a PVA using a telephone number that is not the user's own, a telephonic forwarding service or system, or a temporary/disposable telephone number or service is expressly prohibited. The circumvention of any technological restriction or security measure in the account creation or PVA creation process is also expressly prohibited. c. Flagging A user shall not "flag" (or otherwise seek removal of) content on craigslist without a personal, good-faith belief that the content violates the TOU. A user may flag content only on his/her own behalf. A user must not permit, enable, induce or encourage others to flag content for them. A user must not flag content for others. A user may flag a specific item of content only once. A user flagging content must do so manually and may not employ any automated means, products (including, without limitation, software programs) or services to flag content. A user must not circumvent any technological restrictions (security measures) in the flagging process. Without limitation, this prohibition includes a ban on the use of multiple IP addresses for flagging (by use of proxy servers or any means whatsoever). 5. UNAUTHORIZED ACCESS AND ACTIVITIES -- CL and CL Representatives are not parties to, have no involvement or interest in, make no representations or warranties as to, and have no responsibility or liability with respect to any communications, transactions, interactions, disputes or any relations whatsoever between you and any other user, person or organization ("your interactions with others"). You must conduct any necessary, appropriate, prudent or judicious investigation, inquiry, research or due diligence with respect to your interactions with others. You agree to indemnify and hold CL and CL Representatives harmless from and against any third-party claim, cause of action, demand or damages related to or arising out of your interactions with others. -- arising out of or related to craigslist or content accessed through craigslist, and you expressly waive the provisions of California Civil Code Section 1542 (and any similar laws in other jurisdictions), which provides: "A general release does not extend to claims which the creditor does not know or suspect to exist in his favor at the time of executing the release, which, if known by him must have materially affected his settlement with the debtor." THESE LIMITATIONS SHALL APPLY TO THE FULLEST EXTENT PERMITTED BY LAW. 10. NOTIFICATION OF CLAIMS OF INFRINGEMENT -- by the laws of the State of California without regard to conflict or choice of law principles. You and CL agree that any such claims, causes of action or disputes shall be brought exclusively in courts located within the county of San Francisco, California, and you and CL agree to submit to the personal and exclusive jurisdiction of such courts. You further agree that, regardless of any statute or law to the contrary, you must file any such claim or cause of action within one year after such claim or cause of action arose or be forever barred. If any provision of the TOU is found by a court of competent jurisdiction to be unenforceable, all other provisions of the TOU shall remain in full force and effect. 15. FEEDBACK 145. Inasmuch as the Provinces of Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick have joined in a Declaration that the Construction of the Intercolonial Railway is essential to the Consolidation of the Union of British North America, and to the Assent thereto of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, and have consequently agreed that Provision should be made for its immediate Construction by the Government of Canada; Therefore, in order to give effect to that Agreement, it shall be the Duty of the Government and Parliament of Canada to provide for the commencement, within Six Months after the Union, of a Railway connecting the River St. Lawrence with the City of Halifax in Nova Scotia, and for the Construction thereof without Intermission, and the Completion thereof with all practicable Speed. conjunction with appropriate measures with respect to external border controls, asylum, immigration and the prevention and combating of crime; - to maintain in full the acquis communautaire and build on it with a view to considering to what extent the policies and forms of cooperation introduced by this Treaty may need to be revised with the aim of ensuring the effectiveness of the mechanisms and the institutions of the Community. The objectives of the Union shall be achieved as provided in this Treaty and in accordance with the conditions and the timetable set out therein while respecting the principle of subsidiarity as defined in -- Article J.7 1. The common foreign and security policy shall include all questions relating to the security of the Union, including the progressive framing of a common defence policy, in accordance with the second subparagraph, which might lead to a common defence, should the European Council so decide. It shall in that case recommend to the Member States the adoption of such a decision in accordance with their respective constitutional requirements. The Western European Union (WEU) is an integral part of the development of the Union providing the Union with access to an operational capability notably in the context of paragraph 2. It supports the Union in framing the defence aspects of the common foreign and security policy as set out in this Article. The Union shall accordingly foster closer institutional relations with the WEU with a view to the possibility of the integration of the WEU into the Union, should the European Council so decide. It shall in that case recommend to the Member States the adoption of such a decision in accordance with their respective constitutional requirements. The policy of the Union in accordance with this Article shall not prejudice the specific character of the security and defence policy of -- men and women.' 4. The following Article shall be inserted: `Article 3c Environmental protection requirements must be integrated into the definition and implementation of the Community policies and activities referred to in Article 3, in particular with a view to promoting sustainable development.' 5. The following Article shall be inserted: -- (a) standards and procedures to be followed by Member States in carrying out checks on persons at such borders; (b) rules on visas for intended stays of no more than three months, including: (i) the list of third countries whose nationals must be in possession of visas when crossing the external borders and those whose nationals are exempt from that requirement; (ii) the procedures and conditions for issuing visas by Member States; (iii) a uniform format for visas; -- maintained, proper social protection, dialogue between management and labour, the development of human resources with a view to lasting high employment and the combating of exclusion. To this end the Community and the Member States shall implement measures which take account of the diverse forms of national practices, in particular in the field of contractual relations, and the need to maintain the competitiveness of the Community economy. They believe that such a development will ensue not only from the functioning of the common market, which will favour the harmonisation of social systems, but also from the procedures provided for in this Treaty and from the approximation of provisions laid down by law, -- 4. A Member State may entrust management and labour, at their joint request, with the implementation of directives adopted pursuant to paragraphs 2 and 3. In this case, it shall ensure that, no later than the date on which a directive must be transposed in accordance with Article 189, management and labour have introduced the necessary measures by agreement, the Member State concerned being required to take any necessary measure enabling it at any time to be in a position to guarantee the results imposed by that directive. 5. The provisions adopted pursuant to this Article shall not prevent -- 4. The Council, acting in accordance with the procedure referred to in Article 189b and after consulting the Economic and Social Committee, shall adopt the measures referred to in paragraph 3(b). 5. Measures adopted pursuant to paragraph 4 shall not prevent any Member State from maintaining or introducing more stringent protective measures. Such measures must be compatible with this Treaty. The Commission shall be notified of them.' 28. In the first subparagraph of Article 129c(1), the first part of the third indent shall be replaced by the following: `- may support projects of common interest supported by Member States, -- 34. Article 130r(2) shall be replaced by the following: `2. Community policy on the environment shall aim at a high level of protection taking into account the diversity of situations in the various regions of the Community. It shall be based on the precautionary principle and on the principles that preventive action should be taken, that environmental damage should as a priority be rectified at source and that the polluter should pay. In this context, harmonisation measures answering environmental protection requirements shall include, where appropriate, a safeguard clause allowing Member States to take provisional measures, for non-economic environmental reasons, subject to a Community inspection procedure.' -- of 20 September 1976 shall be amended in accordance with the provisions of this Article. 1. In Article 2, the following paragraph shall be added: `In the event of amendments to this Article, the number of representatives elected in each Member State must ensure appropriate representation of the peoples of the States brought together in the Community.'. 2. In Article 6(1), the following indent shall be inserted after the fifth indent: -- Portugal 25 Finland 16 Sweden 22 United Kingdom 87. In the event of amendments to this paragraph, the number of representatives elected in each Member State must ensure appropriate representation of the peoples of the States brought together in the Community.'; (b) after the new paragraphs 1 and 2, there shall be inserted the text of Article 3(1) of the aforesaid Act as paragraph 3; the new paragraph 3 shall read as follows: -- Portugal 25 Finland 16 Sweden 22 United Kingdom 87. In the event of amendments to this paragraph, the number of representatives elected in each Member State must ensure appropriate representation of the peoples of the States brought together in the Community.'; (b) after the new paragraphs 1 and 2, there shall be inserted the text of Article 3(1) of the aforesaid Act as paragraph 3; the new paragraph 3 shall read as follows: -- Portugal 25 Finland 16 Sweden 22 United Kingdom 87. In the event of amendments to this paragraph, the number of representatives elected in each Member State must ensure appropriate representation of the peoples of the States brought together in the Community.'; (b) after the new paragraphs 1 and 2, there shall be inserted the text of Article 3(1) of the aforesaid Act as paragraph 3; the new paragraph 3 shall read as follows: -- A. PROTOCOL ANNEXED TO THE TREATY ON EUROPEAN UNION Protocol on Article J.7 of the Treaty on European Union THE HIGH CONTRACTING PARTIES, BEARING IN MIND the need to implement fully the provisions of Article J.7(1), second subparagraph, and (3) of the Treaty on European Union, BEARING IN MIND that the policy of the Union in accordance with Article J.7 shall not prejudice the specific character of the security and defence policy of certain Member States and shall respect the obligations of certain Member States, which see their common defence -- Community law, TAKING INTO ACCOUNT the special position of Denmark, TAKING INTO ACCOUNT the fact that Ireland and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland are not parties to and have not signed the abovementioned agreements; that provision should, however, be made to allow those Member States to accept some or all of the provisions thereof, RECOGNISING that, as a consequence, it is necessary to make use of the provisions of the Treaty on European Union and of the Treaty establishing the European Community concerning closer cooperation between some Member States and that those provisions should only be used as a last resort, TAKING INTO ACCOUNT the need to maintain a special relationship with the Republic of Iceland and the Kingdom of Norway, both States having confirmed their intention to become bound by the provisions mentioned above, on the basis of the Agreement signed in Luxembourg on 19 December 1996, HAVE AGREED UPON the following provisions, which shall be annexed to -- Article 8 For the purposes of the negotiations for the admission of new Member States into the European Union, the Schengen acquis and further measures taken by the institutions within its scope shall be regarded as an acquis which must be accepted in full by all States candidates for admission. ANNEX SCHENGEN ACQUIS -- derogation from Article 148(2) of the Treaty establishing the European Community, a qualified majority shall be defined as the same proportion of the weighted votes of the members of the Council concerned as laid down in the said Article 148(2). The unanimity of the members of the Council, with the exception of the representatives of the governments of the United Kingdom and Ireland, shall be necessary for decisions of the Council which must be adopted unanimously. Article 2 In consequence of Article 1 and subject to Articles 3, 4 and 6, none of the provisions of Title IIIa of the Treaty establishing the European Community, no measure adopted pursuant to that Title, no provision of -- majority shall be defined as the same proportion of the weighted votes of the members of the Council concerned as laid down in the said Article 148(2). The unanimity of the members of the Council, with the exception of a member which has not made such a notification, shall be necessary for decisions of the Council which must be adopted unanimously. A measure adopted under this paragraph shall be binding upon all Member States which took part in its adoption. 2. If after a reasonable period of time a measure referred to in paragraph 1 cannot be adopted with the United Kingdom or Ireland taking part, the Council may adopt such measure in accordance with Article 1 -- Community. By way of derogation from Article 148(2) of the Treaty establishing the European Community, a qualified majority shall be defined as the same proportion of the weighted votes of the members of the Council concerned as laid down in the said Article 148(2). The unanimity of the members of the Council, with the exception of the representative of the government of Denmark, shall be necessary for the decisions of the Council which must be adopted unanimously. Article 2 None of the provisions of Title IIIa of the Treaty establishing the European Community, no measure adopted pursuant to that Title, no provision of any international agreement concluded by the Community -- Article 1, other than administrative costs entailed for the institutions. Article 4 Articles 1, 2 and 3 shall not apply to measures determining the third countries whose nationals must be in possession of a visa when crossing the external borders of the Member States, or measures relating to a uniform format for visas. Article 5 1. Denmark shall decide within a period of 6 months after the Council -- WHEREAS the Court of Justice of the European Communities has jurisdiction to ensure that in the interpretation and application of Article F(2) of the Treaty on European Union the law is observed by the European Community; WHEREAS pursuant to Article O of the Treaty on European Union any European State, when applying to become a Member of the Union, must respect the principles set out in Article F(1) of the Treaty on European Union; BEARING IN MIND that Article 236 of the Treaty establishing the European Community establishes a mechanism for the suspension of certain rights in the event of a serious and persistent breach by a -- (c) if the Council, acting on the basis of Article F.1(1) of the Treaty on European Union, has determined, in respect of the Member State which the applicant is a national, the existence of a serious and persistent breach by that Member State of principles mentioned in Article F(1); (d) if a Member State should so decide unilaterally in respect of the application of a national of another Member State; in that case the Council shall be immediately informed; the application shall be dealt with on the basis of the presumption that it is manifestly unfounded without affecting in any way, whatever the cases may be, the decision-making power of the Member State. -- (2) The application of the principles of subsidiarity and proportionality shall respect the general provisions and the objectives of the Treaty, particularly as regards the maintaining in full of the acquis communautaire and the institutional balance; it shall not affect the principles developed by the Court of Justice regarding the relationship between national and Community law, and it should take into account Article F(4) of the Treaty on European Union, according to which `the Union shall provide itself with the means necessary to attain its objectives and carry through its policies'. (3) The principle of subsidiarity does not call into question the powers conferred on the European Community by the Treaty, as interpreted by the Court of Justice. The criteria referred to in the second paragraph of Article 3b of the Treaty shall relate to areas for which the Community does not have exclusive competence. The principle of subsidiarity provides a guide as to how those powers are to be exercised at the Community level. Subsidiarity is a dynamic concept and should be applied in the light of the objectives set out in the Treaty. It allows Community action within the limits of its powers to be expanded where circumstances so require, and conversely, to be restricted or discontinued where it is no longer justified. (4) For any proposed Community legislation, the reasons on which it is based shall be stated with a view to justifying its compliance with the principles of subsidiarity and proportionality; the reasons for concluding that a Community objective can be better achieved by the Community must be substantiated by qualitative or, wherever possible, quantitative indicators. (5) For Community action to be justified, both aspects of the subsidiarity principle shall be met: the objectives of the proposed action cannot be sufficiently achieved by Member States' action in the framework of their national constitutional system and can therefore be better achieved by action on the part of the Community. The following guidelines should be used in examining whether the abovementioned condition is fulfilled: - the issue under consideration has transnational aspects which cannot be satisfactorily regulated by action by Member States; - actions by Member States alone or lack of Community action would conflict with the requirements of the Treaty (such as the need to correct distortion of competition or avoid disguised restrictions on trade or strengthen economic and social cohesion) or would otherwise significantly damage Member States' interests; - action at Community level would produce clear benefits by reason of its scale or effects compared with action at the level of the Member States. (6) The form of Community action shall be as simple as possible, consistent with satisfactory achievement of the objective of the measure and the need for effective enforcement. The Community shall legislate only to the extent necessary. Other things being equal, directives should be preferred to regulations and framework directives to detailed measures. Directives as provided for in Article 189 of the Treaty, while binding upon each Member State to which they are addressed as to the result to be achieved, shall leave to the national authorities the choice of form and methods. (7) Regarding the nature and the extent of Community action, Community measures should leave as much scope for national decision as possible, consistent with securing the aim of the measure and observing the requirements of the Treaty. While respecting Community law, care should be taken to respect well established national arrangements and the organisation and working of Member States' legal systems. Where appropriate and subject to the need for proper enforcement, Community measures should provide Member States with alternative ways to achieve the objectives of the measures. (8) Where the application of the principle of subsidiarity leads to no action being taken by the Community, Member States are required in their action to comply with the general rules laid down in Article 5 of the Treaty, by taking all appropriate measures to ensure fulfilment of their obligations under the Treaty and by abstaining from any measure which could jeopardise the attainment of the objectives of the Treaty. (9) Without prejudice to its right of initiative, the Commission should: - except in cases of particular urgency or confidentiality, consult widely before proposing legislation and, wherever appropriate, publish consultation documents; - justify the relevance of its proposals with regard to the principle -- Protocol on the system of public broadcasting in the Member States THE HIGH CONTRACTING PARTIES, CONSIDERING that the system of public broadcasting in the Member States is directly related to the democratic, social and cultural needs of each society and to the need to preserve media pluralism, HAVE AGREED UPON the following interpretative provisions, which shall be annexed to the Treaty establishing the European Community, The provisions of the Treaty establishing the European Community shall be without prejudice to the competence of Member States to provide for -- UNION AND ITS RELATIONS WITH THE EUROPEAN UNION AND WITH THE ATLANTIC ALLIANCE INTRODUCTION 1. The Western European Union (WEU) Member States agreed at Maastricht in 1991 on the need to develop a genuine European Security and Defence Identity (ESDI) and to assume a greater European responsibility for defence matters. In the light of the Treaty of Amsterdam, they reaffirm the importance of continuing and strengthening these efforts. WEU is an integral part of the development of the European Union (EU) providing the Union with access to an operational capability, notably in the context of the Petersberg tasks and is an essential element of the -- Article J.7 "1. The common foreign and security policy shall include all questions relating to the security of the Union, including the progressive framing of a common defence policy, in accordance with the second subparagraph, which might lead to a common defence, should the European Council so decide. It shall in that case recommend to the Member States the adoption of such a decision in accordance with their respective constitutional requirements. The Western European Union (WEU) is an integral part of the development of the Union providing the Union with access to an operational capability notably in the context of paragraph 2. It supports the Union in framing the defence aspects of the common foreign and security policy as set out in this Article. The Union shall accordingly foster closer institutional relations with the WEU with a view to the possibility of the integration of the WEU into the Union, should the European Council so decide. It shall in that case recommend to the Member States the adoption of such a decision in accordance with their respective constitutional requirements. The policy of the Union in accordance with this Article shall not prejudice the specific character of the security and defence policy of -- N." Protocol on Article J.7 "THE HIGH CONTRACTING PARTIES, BEARING IN MIND the need to implement fully the provisions of Article J.7(1), second subparagraph, and (3) of the Treaty on European Union, BEARING IN MIND that the policy of the Union in accordance with Article J.7 shall not prejudice the specific character of the security and defence policy of certain Member States and shall respect the obligations of certain Member States, which see their common defence -- 15. Declaration on the preservation of the level of protection and security provided by the Schengen acquis The Conference agrees that measures to be adopted by the Council, which will have the effect of replacing provisions on the abolition of checks at common borders contained in the 1990 Schengen Convention, should provide at least the same level of protection and security as under the aforementioned provisions of the Schengen Convention. 16. Declaration on Article 73j(2)(b) of the Treaty establishing the European Community -- disability. 23. Declaration on incentive measures referred to in Article 109r of the Treaty establishing the European Community The Conference agrees that the incentive measures referred to in Article 109r of the Treaty establishing the European Community should always specify the following: - the grounds for taking them based on an objective assessment of their need and the existence of an added value at Community level; - their duration, which should not exceed five years; - the maximum amount for their financing, which should reflect the incentive nature of such measures. 24. Declaration on Article 109r of the Treaty establishing the European Community It is understood that any expenditure under Article 109r of the Treaty -- implementation. 28. Declaration on Article 119(4) of the Treaty establishing the European Community When adopting measures referred to in Article 119(4) of the Treaty establishing the European Community, Member States should, in the first instance, aim at improving the situation of women in working life. 29. Declaration on sport The Conference emphasises the social significance of sport, in particular its role in forging identity and bringing people together. The Conference therefore calls on the bodies of the European Union to listen to sports associations when important questions affecting sport are at issue. In this connection, special consideration should be given to the particular characteristics of amateur sport. 30. Declaration on island regions The Conference recognises that island regions suffer from structural handicaps linked to their island status, the permanence of which impairs their economic and social development. The Conference accordingly acknowledges that Community legislation must take account of these handicaps and that specific measures may be taken, where justified, in favour of these regions in order to integrate them better into the internal market on fair conditions. 31. Declaration relating to the Council Decision of 13 July 1987 -- The Conference notes the Commission's intention to prepare a reorganization of tasks within the college in good time for the Commission which will take up office in 2000, in order to ensure an optimum division between conventional portfolios and specific tasks. In this context, it considers that the President of the Commission must enjoy broad discretion in the allocation of tasks within the college, as well as in any reshuffling of those tasks during a Commission's term of office. The Conference also notes the Commission's intention to undertake in parallel a corresponding reorganisation of its departments. It notes in -- The Conference calls on the European Parliament, the Council and the Commission to make every effort to ensure that the co-decision procedure operates as expeditiously as possible. It recalls the importance of strict respect for the deadlines set out in Article 189b of the Treaty establishing the European Community and confirms that recourse, provided for in paragraph 7 of that Article, to extension of the periods in question should be considered only when strictly necessary. In no case should the actual period between the second reading by the European Parliament and the outcome of the Conciliation Committee exceed nine months. 35. Declaration on Article 191a(1) of the Treaty establishing the European Community -- December 1992, as well as the Council Resolution on the quality of drafting of Community legislation adopted on 8 June 1993 (Official Journal of the European Communities, C 166 of 17 June 1993, p. 1). The Conference considers that the three institutions involved in the procedure for adopting Community legislation, the European Parliament, the Council and the Commission, should lay down guidelines on the quality of drafting of the said legislation. It also stresses that Community legislation should be made more accessible and welcomes in this regard the adoption and first implementation of an accelerated working method for official codification of legislative texts, established by the Interinstitutional Agreement of 20 December 1994 (Official Journal of the European Communities, C 102 of 4 April 1996, p. 2). -- 41. Declaration on the provisions relating to transparency, access to documents and the fight against fraud The Conference considers that the European Parliament, the Council and the Commission, when they act in pursuance of the Treaty establishing the European Coal and Steel Community and the Treaty establishing the European Atomic Energy Community, should draw guidance from the provisions relating to transparency, access to documents and the fight against fraud in force within the framework of the Treaty establishing the European Community. 42. Declaration on the consolidation of the Treaties -- Resolution of the Ministers of the Member States of the European Communities responsible for immigration of 30 November/1 December 1992 on manifestly unfounded applications for asylum and of the Resolution of the Council of 20 June 1995 on minimum guarantees for asylum procedures, the question of abuse of asylum procedures and appropriate rapid procedures to dispense with manifestly unfounded applications for asylum should be further examined with a view to introducing new improvements in order to accelerate these procedures. 50. Declaration relating to the Protocol on the institutions with the prospect of enlargement of the European Union Until the entry into force of the first enlargement it is agreed that -- Those countries consider that such reinforcement is an indispensable condition for the conclusion of the first accession negotiations. They are determined to give the fullest effect appropriate to the Protocol as regards the composition of the Commission and the weighting of votes and consider that a significant extension of recourse to qualified majority voting forms part of the relevant factors which should be taken into account. 7. Declaration by France concerning the situation of the overseas departments in the light of the Protocol integrating the Schengen acquis into the framework of the European Union -- NORTHERN IRELAND, RESOLVED to mark a new stage in the process of European integration undertaken with the establishment of the European Communities, RECALLING the historic importance of the ending of the division of the European continent and the need to create firm bases for the construction of the future Europe, CONFIRMING their attachment to the principles of liberty, democracy and respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms and of the rule of law, -- conjunction with appropriate measures with respect to external border controls, asylum, immigration and the prevention and combating of crime; - to maintain in full the acquis communautaire and build on it with a view to considering to what extent the policies and forms of cooperation introduced by this Treaty may need to be revised with the aim of ensuring the effectiveness of the mechanisms and the institutions of the Community. The objectives of the Union shall be achieved as provided in this Treaty and in accordance with the conditions and the timetable set out therein while respecting the principle of subsidiarity as defined in -- Article 17 (ex Article J.7) 1. The common foreign and security policy shall include all questions relating to the security of the Union, including the progressive framing of a common defence policy, in accordance with the second subparagraph, which might lead to a common defence, should the European Council so decide. It shall in that case recommend to the Member States the adoption of such a decision in accordance with their respective constitutional requirements. The Western European Union (WEU) is an integral part of the development of the Union providing the Union with access to an operational capability notably in the context of paragraph 2. It supports the Union in framing the defence aspects of the common foreign and security policy as set out in this Article. The Union shall accordingly foster closer institutional relations with the WEU with a view to the possibility of the integration of the WEU into the Union, should the European Council so decide. It shall in that case recommend to the Member States the adoption of such a decision in accordance with their respective constitutional requirements. The policy of the Union in accordance with this Article shall not prejudice the specific character of the security and defence policy of -- Any action by the Community shall not go beyond what is necessary to achieve the objectives of this Treaty. Article 6 (ex Article 3c) Environmental protection requirements must be integrated into the definition and implementation of the Community policies and activities referred to in Article 3, in particular with a view to promoting sustainable development. Article 7 (ex Article 4) -- Article 15 (ex Article 7c) When drawing up its proposals with a view to achieving the objectives set out in Article 14, the Commission shall take into account the extent of the effort that certain economies showing differences in development will have to sustain during the period of establishment of the internal market and it may propose appropriate provisions. If these provisions take the form of derogations, they must be of a temporary nature and must cause the least possible disturbance to the functioning of the common market. Article 16 (ex Article 7d) Without prejudice to Articles 73, 86 and 87, and given the place occupied by services of general economic interest in the shared values -- Article 27 (ex Article 29) In carrying out the tasks entrusted to it under this Chapter the Commission shall be guided by: (a) the need to promote trade between Member States and third countries; (b) developments in conditions of competition within the Community insofar as they lead to an improvement in the competitive capacity of undertakings; (c) the requirements of the Community as regards the supply of raw materials and semi-finished goods; in this connection the Commission shall take care to avoid distorting conditions of competition between Member States in respect of finished goods; (d) the need to avoid serious disturbances in the economies of Member States and to ensure rational development of production and an expansion of consumption within the Community. Chapter 2 Prohibition of quantitative restrictions between Member States -- is contrary to the principles laid down in paragraph 1 or which restricts the scope of the Articles dealing with the prohibition of customs duties and quantitative restrictions between Member States. 3. If a State monopoly of a commercial character has rules which are designed to make it easier to dispose of agricultural products or obtain for them the best return, steps should be taken in applying the rules contained in this Article to ensure equivalent safeguards for the employment and standard of living of the producers concerned. TITLE II AGRICULTURE -- products. 3. The products subject to the provisions of Articles 33 to 38 are listed in Annex I to this Treaty. 4. The operation and development of the common market for agricultural products must be accompanied by the establishment of a common agricultural policy. Article 33 (ex Article 39) 1. The objectives of the common agricultural policy shall be: -- methods for its application, account shall be taken of: (a) the particular nature of agricultural activity, which results from the social structure of agriculture and from structural and natural disparities between the various agricultural regions; (b) the need to effect the appropriate adjustments by degrees; (c) the fact that in the Member States agriculture constitutes a sector closely linked with the economy as a whole. Article 34 (ex Article 40) -- (a) standards and procedures to be followed by Member States in carrying out checks on persons at such borders; (b) rules on visas for intended stays of no more than three months, including: (i) the list of third countries whose nationals must be in possession of visas when crossing the external borders and those whose nationals are exempt from that requirement; (ii) the procedures and conditions for issuing visas by Member States; (iii) a uniform format for visas; -- (a) to ensure compliance with the prohibitions laid down in Article 81(1) and in Article 82 by making provision for fines and periodic penalty payments; (b) to lay down detailed rules for the application of Article 81(3), taking into account the need to ensure effective supervision on the one hand, and to simplify administration to the greatest possible extent on the other; (c) to define, if need be, in the various branches of the economy, the scope of the provisions of Articles 81 and 82; -- 2. Undertakings entrusted with the operation of services of general economic interest or having the character of a revenue-producing monopoly shall be subject to the rules contained in this Treaty, in particular to the rules on competition, insofar as the application of such rules does not obstruct the performance, in law or in fact, of the particular tasks assigned to them. The development of trade must not be affected to such an extent as would be contrary to the interests of the Community. 3. The Commission shall ensure the application of the provisions of this Article and shall, where necessary, address appropriate directives or decisions to Member States. -- Article 96 (ex Article 101) Where the Commission finds that a difference between the provisions laid down by law, regulation or administrative action in Member States is distorting the conditions of competition in the common market and that the resultant distortion needs to be eliminated, it shall consult the Member States concerned. If such consultation does not result in an agreement eliminating the distortion in question, the Council shall, on a proposal from the Commission, acting by a qualified majority, issue the necessary directives. The Commission and the Council may take any other -- ECB, may formulate general orientations for exchange-rate policy in relation to these currencies. These general orientations shall be without prejudice to the primary objective of the ESCB to maintain price stability. 3. By way of derogation from Article 300, where agreements concerning monetary or foreign exchange regime matters need to be negotiated by the Community with one or more States or international organisations, the Council, acting by a qualified majority on a recommendation from the Commission and after consulting the ECB, shall decide the arrangements for the negotiation and for the conclusion of such agreements. These arrangements shall ensure that the Community expresses a single position. The Commission shall be fully associated -- Article 120 (ex Article 109i) 1. Where a sudden crisis in the balance of payments occurs and a decision within the meaning of Article 119(2) is not immediately taken, the Member State concerned may, as a precaution, take the necessary protective measures. Such measures must cause the least possible disturbance in the functioning of the common market and must not be wider in scope than is strictly necessary to remedy the sudden difficulties which have arisen. 2. The Commission and the other Member States shall be informed of such protective measures not later than when they enter into force. The Commission may recommend to the Council the granting of mutual -- those to be taken in the event of dumping or subsidies. 2. The Commission shall submit proposals to the Council for implementing the common commercial policy. 3. Where agreements with one or more States or international organisations need to be negotiated, the Commission shall make recommendations to the Council, which shall authorise the Commission to open the necessary negotiations. The Commission shall conduct these negotiations in consultation with a special committee appointed by the Council to assist the Commission in this task and within the framework of such directives as the Council -- maintained, proper social protection, dialogue between management and labour, the development of human resources with a view to lasting high employment and the combating of exclusion. To this end the Community and the Member States shall implement measures which take account of the diverse forms of national practices, in particular in the field of contractual relations, and the need to maintain the competitiveness of the Community economy. They believe that such a development will ensue not only from the functioning of the common market, which will favour the harmonisation of social systems, but also from the procedures provided for in this Treaty and from the approximation of provisions laid down by law, -- 4. A Member State may entrust management and labour, at their joint request, with the implementation of directives adopted pursuant to paragraphs 2 and 3. In this case, it shall ensure that, no later than the date on which a directive must be transposed in accordance with Article 249, management and labour have introduced the necessary measures by agreement, the Member State concerned being required to take any necessary measure enabling it at any time to be in a position to guarantee the results imposed by that directive. 5. The provisions adopted pursuant to this Article shall not prevent -- 4. The Council, acting in accordance with the procedure referred to in Article 251 and after consulting the Economic and Social Committee, shall adopt the measures referred to in paragraph 3(b). 5. Measures adopted pursuant to paragraph 4 shall not prevent any Member State from maintaining or introducing more stringent protective measures. Such measures must be compatible with this Treaty. The Commission shall be notified of them. TITLE XV (ex Title XII) TRANS-EUROPEAN NETWORKS -- establishment and development of trans-European networks in the areas of transport, telecommunications and energy infrastructures. 2. Within the framework of a system of open and competitive markets, action by the Community shall aim at promoting the interconnection and interoperability of national networks as well as access to such networks. It shall take account in particular of the need to link island, landlocked and peripheral regions with the central regions of the Community. Article 155 (ex Article 129c) 1. In order to achieve the objectives referred to in Article 154, the -- worldwide environmental problems. 2. Community policy on the environment shall aim at a high level of protection taking into account the diversity of situations in the various regions of the Community. It shall be based on the precautionary principle and on the principles that preventive action should be taken, that environmental damage should as a priority be rectified at source and that the polluter should pay. In this context, harmonisation measures answering environmental protection requirements shall include, where appropriate, a safeguard clause allowing Member States to take provisional measures, for non-economic environmental reasons, subject to a Community inspection procedure. -- according to the case, shall adopt the measures necessary for the implementation of these programmes. 4. Without prejudice to certain measures of a Community nature, the Member States shall finance and implement the environment policy. 5. Without prejudice to the principle that the polluter should pay, if a measure based on the provisions of paragraph 1 involves costs deemed disproportionate for the public authorities of a Member State, the Council shall, in the act adopting that measure, lay down appropriate provisions in the form of: - temporary derogations, and/or -- 161. Article 176 (ex Article 130t) The protective measures adopted pursuant to Article 175 shall not prevent any Member State from maintaining or introducing more stringent protective measures. Such measures must be compatible with this Treaty. They shall be notified to the Commission. TITLE XX (ex Title XVII) DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION -- Portugal 25 Finland 16 Sweden 22 United Kingdom 87. In the event of amendments to this paragraph, the number of representatives elected in each Member State must ensure appropriate representation of the peoples of the States brought together in the Community. 3. Representatives shall be elected for a term of five years. 4. The European Parliament shall draw up a proposal for elections by -- - confer on the Commission, in the acts which the Council adopts, powers for the implementation of the rules which the Council lays down. The Council may impose certain requirements in respect of the exercise of these powers. The Council may also reserve the right, in specific cases, to exercise directly implementing powers itself. The procedures referred to above must be consonant with principles and rules to be laid down in advance by the Council, acting unanimously on a proposal from the Commission and after obtaining the Opinion of the European Parliament. Article 203 (ex Article 146) -- The number of Members of the Commission may be altered by the Council, acting unanimously. Only nationals of Member States may be Members of the Commission. The Commission must include at least one national of each of the Member States, but may not include more than two Members having the nationality of the same State. 2. The Members of the Commission shall, in the general interest of the Community, be completely independent in the performance of their duties. -- 1. The Court of Auditors shall consist of 15 Members. 2. The Members of the Court of Auditors shall be chosen from among persons who belong or have belonged in their respective countries to external audit bodies or who are especially qualified for this office. Their independence must be beyond doubt. 3. The Members of the Court of Auditors shall be appointed for a term of six years by the Council, acting unanimously after consulting the European Parliament. The Members of the Court of Auditors shall be eligible for -- Article 259 (ex Article 195) 1. For the appointment of the members of the Committee, each Member State shall provide the Council with a list containing twice as many candidates as there are seats allotted to its nationals. The composition of the Committee shall take account of the need to ensure adequate representation of the various categories of economic and social activity. 2. The Council shall consult the Commission. It may obtain the opinion of European bodies which are representative of the various economic and social sectors to which the activities of the Community are of concern. -- The Rules of Procedure shall lay down the methods of composition and the terms of reference of the specialised sections and of the subcommittees. Article 262 (ex Article 198) The Committee must be consulted by the Council or by the Commission where this Treaty so provides. The Committee may be consulted by these institutions in all cases in which they consider it appropriate. It may issue an opinion on its own initiative in cases in which it considers such action appropriate. The Council or the Commission shall, if it considers it necessary, set -- is over half the maximum rate, the European Parliament may, exercising its right of amendment, further increase the total amount of that expenditure to a limit not exceeding half the maximum rate. Where the European Parliament, the Council or the Commission consider that the activities of the Communities require that the rate determined according to the procedure laid down in this paragraph should be exceeded, another rate may be fixed by agreement between the Council, acting by a qualified majority, and the European Parliament, acting by a majority of its Members and three-fifths of the votes cast. 10. Each institution shall exercise the powers conferred upon it by this Article, with due regard for the provisions of the Treaty and for -- from paragraph 2, authorise the Commission to approve modifications on behalf of the Community where the agreement provides for them to be adopted by a simplified procedure or by a body set up by the agreement; it may attach specific conditions to such authorisation. 5. When the Council envisages concluding an agreement which calls for amendments to this Treaty, the amendments must first be adopted in accordance with the procedure laid down in Article 48 of the Treaty on European Union. 6. The Council, the Commission or a Member State may obtain the opinion of the Court of Justice as to whether an agreement envisaged is compatible with the provisions of this Treaty. Where the opinion of the -- establishment of the Community and are thereby inseparably linked with the creation of common institutions, the conferring of powers upon them and the granting of the same advantages by all the other Member States. Article 308 (ex Article 235) If action by the Community should prove necessary to attain, in the course of the operation of the common market, one of the objectives of the Community and this Treaty has not provided the necessary powers, the Council shall, acting unanimously on a proposal from the Commission and after consulting the European Parliament, take the appropriate measures. -- including fruit juices containing added sugar in any proportion CHAPTER 18 18.01 Cocoa beans, whole or broken, raw or roasted 18.02 Cocoa sheelsshells, husks, skins and waste CHAPTER 20 Preparations of vegetables, fruit or other parts of plants CHAPTER 22 22.04 Grape must, in fermentation or with fermentation arrested otherwise than by the addition of alcohol 22.05 Wine of fresh grapes; grape must with fermentation arrested by the addition of alcohol 22.07 Other fermented beverages (for example, cider, perry and mead) ex 22.08 (^*) ex 22.09 (^*) Ethyl alcohol or neutral spirits, whether or not denatured, of any strength, obtained from agricultural products listed Mr. Ayrton Whereas by the "Constitution Act, 1867" provision was made for the Union of the Provinces of Canada, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick into the Dominion of Canada, and it was (amongst other things) enacted that it should be lawful for the Queen, by and with the Advice of Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council, on Addresses from the Houses of the Parliament of Canada, and of the Legislature of the Colony of British Columbia, to admit that colony into the said Union on such terms and conditions as should be in the Addresses expressed, and as the Queen should think fit to approve, subject to the provisions of the said Act. And it was further enacted that the provisions of any Order in Council in that behalf should have effect as if they had been enacted by the Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. And whereas by Addresses from the Houses of the Parliament of Canada and from the Legislative Council of British Columbia respectively, of which Addresses copies are contained in the Schedule to this Order -- approach your Majesty for the purpose of representing:-- That, during the last session of the late Legislative Council, the subject of the admission of the Colony of British Columbia into the Union or Dominion of Canada was taken into consideration, and a resolution on the subject was agreed to, embodying the terms upon which it was proposed that this colony should enter the Union; That after the close of the session, Delegates were sent by the Government of this Colony to Canada to confer with the Government of the Dominion with respect to the admission or British Columbia into the Union upon the terms proposed; -- emoluments derived therefrom would be affected by political changes on the admission of British Columbia into the Dominion of Canada. 7. It is agreed that the existing Customs tariff and Excise duties shall continue in force in British Columbia until the railway from the Pacific coast and the system of railways in Canada are connected, unless the Legislature of British Columbia should sooner decide to accept the Tariff and Excise Laws of Canada. When Customs and Excise duties are, at the time of the union of British Columbia with Canada, leviable on any goods, wares, or merchandizes in British Columbia, or in the other Provinces of the Dominion, those goods, wares, and merchandizes may, from and after the Union, be imported into British Columbia from the Provinces now composing the Dominion, or into either -- That such terms have proved generally acceptable to the people of this Colony. That this Council is, therefore, willing to enter into Union with the Dominion of Canada upon such terms, and humbly submit that, under the circumstances, it is expedient that the admission of this Colony into such Union, as aforesaid, should be affected at as early a date as may be found practicable under the provisions of the 146th section of ''The British North America Act, 1867" We, therefore, humbly pray that Your Majesty will be graciously pleased, by and with the advice of Your Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council, under the provisions of the 146th section of ''The British any State or States, or as to the limits inter se of the Constitutional powers of any two or more States, unless the High Court shall certify that the Question is one which ought to be determined by Her Majesty in Council. The High Court may so certify if satisfied that for any special reason the certificate should be granted, and thereupon an appeal shall lie to Her Majesty in Council on the question without further leave. Except as provided in this section, this Constitution shall not impair any right which the Queen may be please to exercise by virtue of Her Royal prerogative to grant special leave of appeal from the High Court to Her Majesty in Council. The Parliament may make laws limiting the -- since "httpd -k restart" stopped working (probably around 10.2), I had just been doing it manually -- find the process, kill it, and hit httpd again -- thanks for the tip! So for those who are missing any of the lines, here are the full lines. In the section with all the other LoadModules: LoadModule php4_module libexec/httpd/libphp4.so Directly below that section should be the AddModules; you need: AddModule mod_php4.c And then the AddType lines should be right after the language priorities (so after the AddCharset lines and after the LanguagePriority bit): AddType application/x-httpd-php .php AddType application/x-httpd-php-source .phps Then restart apache/httpd as described above, and hopefully you should be good. BTW, the actual module should be at: /usr/libexec/httpd/libphp4.so So if things fail, you can check to see if that's there. Thanks to others who posted here; it definitely helped and got me on the right track. I just had to find the module manually to write my own LoadModule line. up -- run make again up down 0 jack dash pinette at uiowa dot edu ¶ 9 years ago PHP 4.3.0 can easily be build on Mac OS X client; you don't need to download a binary. The process is quite fast and painless. See http://www.onlamp.com/pub/a/php/2003/01/17/phpcookbook.html for details. up down -- up down -1 oster at ieee dot org ¶ 11 years ago If you've got Mac OS X pre-installed on your Mac, you've also got php4 pre-installed. You don't need to download or compile anything. You just need to edit the /etc/httpd/httpd.conf file. Use the "sudo open -a TextEdit..." command line, above. Search for "php", and make sure you've un-commented _all_ the relevant lines: the two AddType lines above, and also the AddModule and LoadModule lines. (but not the AddType lines for php3, since you'll be using php4.) Save and restart Apache with "sudo apachectl graceful", and you are done. add a note add a note following online tutorials. Some of the information here may seem the same, or similar to information elsewhere but there are a few slight difference/modifications. I give full credit to all of the sites/authors listed at the bottom, and am not claiming to be a subject matter expert. Nor am I claiming to have written or done anything other than use google, read tutorials/forums, and post my results and what I did here. If this helps you, great, if not you may need to do what I did and keep searching the web. If you're an author/site that is pissed off at me or feels I've stolen something, feel free to email me directly or take what I've written here and add it to your tutorial, or reproduce this on your site, I don't care. As I've said before, I merely use soldierx.com's tutorial section to post notes for myself on topics I've looked in to and use it as more of a centralized database -- -------- I installed OSX first, then Windows, then Linux. The key thing to remember is that whatever OS's bootloader you want to use, SHOULD be the first OS installed. This is not necessarily true for Linux, Linux can handle booting basically anything with the right grub options. But if you want to use the OSX bootloader, OSX should be first, if you want the Windows bootloader, then Windows should be the first partition. More or less it just simplifies it this way, but if you're plan is to run Linux then grub really doesn't care as long as it's configured properly. In Linux you need to run gptsync /dev/sda to fix the boot loader issue, otherwise Windows won't boot. Using your flashdrive you boot the installer with the -s option to get a root shell and use fdisk to make OSX partition the active one. Using your flash drive, boot the OSX partition. Once inside re-run the multibeast installer file and reboot. You can disconnect your flash drive and easily see that by pressing a key before OSX is loaded, you are allowed to choose the -- live cd to format both drives and write an MSDOS partition table aka file table to the disk. I then restarted the system and booted the OSX installer off the USB drive. During the OSX install I used the disk utility to create an OSX partition that was hfs+ (mac journaled fs) for OSX to install to, and created msdos/fat partitions for the Win & Linux partitions. So 3 partitions in total were created. After OSX is installed and you start the Windows installation; you need to format the partition as ntfs in order to write to it otherwise it says "this is a gpt partition table" and won't install. Even though it's technically not a gpt partition table because we formated the entire drive earlier as an MSDOS partition table. I believe that since Windows sees that the first few partitions are not something Windows knows how to read, and the fact that OSX creates an EFI partition as the first -- I installed what I think is the latest drivers for my sound and ethernet and they are both working. VoodooHDA-2.7.2.pkg RealtekRTL81xx-0_0_90.pkg I was able to get TSCSync working as well, it is used so that you don't have to give the options arch=i386 and cpus=1 every time you boot. I still need to find an SD card to test out the SDHC driver. For my laptop, "Asus G60VX" there were many others who have worked towards installing OSX and someone who owned an Asus G51VX actually created a zip file with some of the drivers which are called KEXT files in OSX. I took the \Downloads\g51vxworking\Extra\Extensions folder and copied Extensions to \Extra\Extensions on the install drive. After this, camera functionality started working. -- -----Windows Install---------------------------------------------------------------- -- Start installing Windows off the CD like you normally would and make sure you click on anything that might say "Advanced". This should bring you to a menu for setting up the partitioning. Windows will give you an error upon selecting the partition you want to install Windows on and you should click the button "format as NTFS". Afterwards you should be able to install Windows to this partition. IF YOU CAN NOT...... A) You didn't format the drive and create an MSDOS file table like the begining says to do. B) You have more than 3 partitions, possibly more than 4! (Windows is finicky about this.) C) You've messed up somewhere along the lines and have to start all over! Assuming Windows is installing now, go through the rest of the process like normal. Boot back in to Windows to download and install Windows updates and drivers. I'm saying to install the OS updates now, because you may experience some difficulty installing them later. I believe I -- 4gb - swap 60gb - ext4 - /home 20gb - ext4 - /usr 15gb - ext4 - /var 5gb - ext4 - /tmp (this is really too big and it's a little less than 5 gigs but i dont care) If you follow the securing debian guide you should know that you need to mount the /tmp partition as non executable, but if you've ever had to install anything you know that /tmp gets used for placing temporary data there while it's being installed. So, install all of your software and then change the mount option in /etc/fstab so that it is non executable afterwards. Rat and others will tell you that having read and execute permissions on a file is just asking to be taken advantage of, while I'm not certain if this also applies to a partition, I'm assuming it does, so you should too! Due to issues I've had with grub2, I no longer generally use a /boot partition. /boot gets installed under / but whether I install grub to the MBR of the drive, or to the / partition only matters regarding what boot loader you want to be your main one on startup. As of now I'm saying install grub to your / partition since I havn't tested writing it to the MBR as of yet so I can't say if there is anything else necessary to get it working like that. When the installation finishes you should be able to boot in to Linux. You may need to boot your USB drive and select Linux from the bootloader there. Essentially the USB drive should be able to detect which operating systems are installed on your hard disk and you can use the USB drive's bootloader in order to boot in to each OS as we're needing to fix some issues. First issue is that you need to boot in to Linux so that you can repair the Windows partition, since Windows is probably not wanting to boot you need to run: apt-get install gptsync then run: gptsync /dev/sda Or whatever your main drive is called (not a specific, partition the whole drive). It will ask you if you want it to write the data, just say yes. After this is done you should be able restart and boot the Windows partition after selecting it from your USB drive's bootloader. -----Getting back OSX and the bootloader...----------------------------------------- So we're able to boot in to all 3 OS's but only by utilizing the usb drive's bootloader to detect them! Here's how you fix that... The windows partition is marked as the active partition, you have to change that. I booted the installer in to command line mode/single user mode with -s which dropped me at a root shell, but you should be able to do this from gparted, Linux, or any number of ways and this step may not be necessary. From a *nix command prompt type the following: fdisk -e /dev/rdisk0 p f 1 w This should set the OSX partition as the active one. If you are still having issues booting the you may need to boot in to OSX via your USB drive and then run the multibeast installer again. I think this should actually set the partition as active so you may be able to skip the above step but it doesn't hurt to try everything and see what you can get working. At the end of the day you be able to press your "any key" when the OSX bootloader pops up and be able to choose whichever partition/OS you * Show example Font weight [font-weight] The property font-weight describes how bold or "heavy" a font should be presented. A font can either be normal or bold. Some browsers even support the use of numbers between 100-900 (in hundreds) to describe the weight of a font. p {font-family: arial, verdana, sans-serif;} td {font-family: arial, verdana, sans-serif; font-weight: bold;} -- * Show example There is one key difference between the four units above. The units 'px' and 'pt' make the font size absolute, while '%' and 'em' allow the user to adjust the font size as he/she see fit. Many users are disabled, elderly or simply suffer from poor vision or a monitor of bad quality. To make your website accessible for everybody, you should use adjustable units such as '%' or 'em'. Below you can see an illustration of how to adjust the text size in Mozilla Firefox and Internet Explorer. Try it yourself - neat feature, don't you think? ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ [BUTTON Input] (not implemented)______________ [BUTTON Input] (not implemented)______ Comment goes here You should log in and post some comments! The link is up there in the toolbar. Go nuts! Programming with bash System Administration Linux and Subversion -- one of those mandatory things. But far from being a chore, you'll learn that it's going to make your work and your life a whole lot easier. Our First BASH Script The first thing that a BASH script needs is the proverbial 'shebang'. These are two characters: #! Following this, you should include the path to the BASH interpreter. So the first line of your script should look like this: #!/bin/bash If your default shell is BASH, the line: #!/bin/sh does the same thing. It's just a symbolic link to /bin/bash. But if your default shell isn't BASH, you won't be invoking /bin/bash if your write a shell script with that first line. Since on Linux systems, BASH -- From there on, you're free to do what the shell allows. Shell scripts created for administration purposes (which are the majority of scripts) are made up of lines that invoke other commands. Let's look at a simple example. Let's say you have email users on your system but you don't have a quota in place. Still, you want to monitor the sizes of the mailboxes to make sure that people aren't taking up more space than they should. This script, run from crontab, would do the trick nicely: Except for the shebang, comment lines start with # #!/bin/sh # show us the size of email spools email spools # date in YYYY-MM-DD format today=`date +%Y-%m-%0e`; # subject and recipient variables -- $sendto # end script First off, you'll see that we've declared some variables. These variables are not prefixed by any characters when declared but they are prefixed by the dollar sign ($) when used. You've also noticed that variables can be other commands, as in this example with the date command. When you use a command as a variable, it must be put inside backticks (` `). First, the script changes to the directory where the mail spools are located. The the scripts performs an 'ls' with options and presents a list where the biggest spools are displayed first with their size in human readable format. This is piped to awk, which sorts out the size and the user name. The awk output is grepped for those spools which are -- comes with what are known as built invariables. Here is an example of a script with frequently used built in variables. #!/bin/sh echo "You are user $UID on $HOSTNAME" echo "Your home directory is: $HOME" echo "$HOSTNAME is running $OSTYPE" The output of this script should yield something similar to this: You are user 500 on penguin.linux.ork Your home directory is: /home/mike penguin.linux.ork is running linux-gnu As you can see, we didn't have to previously declare any of these. That's why they're known as built-in variables. Their use will save you a lot of time in writing your scripts. You can find a complete list of built-in variables in theGNU BASH Reference Manual Interactive Scripts Though we mentioned that the main use of BASH scripts is for automating administrative tasks, there may be times when you need users to interact with scripts. If you want a user to input information, you need to use the variableread. Let's take a look at the following example: #!/bin/sh echo -n "Enter the name of a city: " read CITY echo -n "$CITY is " case $CITY in -- After, we have several options for each case. If the user types in the name of a city we've contemplated here, he/she will be given a message as to where the city is. If not, the script will display a message that it doesn't know where the city is. Any answer is represented by the asterisk (*) Making Sure You Have What You Need If you have to manipulate the contents of a file, it's a good idea to check if this file exists first. Here is a simple BASH routine to do this using the if command: #!/bin/sh if test -f /var/log/mail.log; then printf "The file existsn"; fi -- #!/bin/sh PS3="Choose the number of the correct word to fill in the blank: " echo "The emergency brake let go and car rolled ______ the hill" select SENT1 in up down along beside do if [ "$SENT1" == "" ]; then echo -e "You need to enter somethingn" continue elif [ "$SENT1" != down ]; then echo -e "Sorry. Incorrectn" echo "1. Incorrect" >> eoiexam.dat elif [ "$SENT1" == down ]; then echo -e "Great!n" ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ [BUTTON Input] (not implemented)______________ [BUTTON Input] (not implemented)______ Comment goes here You should log in and post some comments! The link is up there in the toolbar. Go nuts! Programming in Linux Linux and CVS Checking for damage with rootkit hunter -- .emacs file like so: (add-to-list 'load-path "~/elisp/") (require 'auto-header) There is a section of the auto-header.el file that defines the characters that are used for commented areas for different programming languages. The headers for the file need to be inside a commented region at the beginning of your source code file. The file includes 20 different programming languages, but PHP, which I use a lot, is missing. So I just added an entry for it between Perl and Postscript: (perl-mode . ("#" "" "##" "#")) (php-mode . ("/*" "*/" " *" "*")) (postscript-mode . ("%" "" "%%" "%")) -- that it's going to make your work and your life a whole lot easier. Our First BASH Script The first thing that a BASH script needs is the proverbial 'shebang'. These are two characters: #! Following this, you should include the path to the BASH interpreter. So the first line of your script should look like this: #!/bin/bash If your default shell is BASH, the line: #!/bin/sh does the same thing. It's just a symbolic link to /bin/bash. But if -- From there on, you're free to do what the shell allows. Shell scripts created for administration purposes (which are the majority of scripts) are made up of lines that invoke other commands. Let's look at a simple example. Let's say you have email users on your system but you don't have a quota in place. Still, you want to monitor the sizes of the mailboxes to make sure that people aren't taking up more space than they should. This script, run from crontab, would do the trick nicely: Except for the shebang, comment lines start with # #!/bin/sh # show us the size of email spools email spools # date in YYYY-MM-DD format today=`date +%Y-%m-%0e`; # subject and recipient variables -- # end script First off, you'll see that we've declared some variables. These variables are not prefixed by any characters when declared but they are prefixed by the dollar sign ($) when used. You've also noticed that variables can be other commands, as in this example with the date command. When you use a command as a variable, it must be put inside backticks (` `). First, the script changes to the directory where the mail spools are located. The the scripts performs an 'ls' with options and presents a list where the biggest spools are displayed first with their size in human readable format. This is piped to awk, which sorts out the size and the user name. The awk output is grepped for those spools which are -- script with frequently used built in variables. #!/bin/sh echo "You are user $UID on $HOSTNAME" echo "Your home directory is: $HOME" echo "$HOSTNAME is running $OSTYPE" The output of this script should yield something similar to this: You are user 500 on penguin.linux.ork Your home directory is: /home/mike penguin.linux.ork is running linux-gnu As you can see, we didn't have to previously declare any of these. That's why they're known as built-in variables. Their use will save you a lot of time in writing your scripts. You can find a complete list of built-in variables in theGNU BASH Reference Manual Interactive Scripts Though we mentioned that the main use of BASH scripts is for automating administrative tasks, there may be times when you need users to interact with scripts. If you want a user to input information, you need to use the variableread. Let's take a look at the following example: #!/bin/sh echo -n "Enter the name of a city: " read CITY echo -n "$CITY is " case $CITY in -- After, we have several options for each case. If the user types in the name of a city we've contemplated here, he/she will be given a message as to where the city is. If not, the script will display a message that it doesn't know where the city is. Any answer is represented by the asterisk (*) Making Sure You Have What You Need If you have to manipulate the contents of a file, it's a good idea to check if this file exists first. Here is a simple BASH routine to do this using the if command: #!/bin/sh if test -f /var/log/mail.log; then printf "The file existsn"; fi -- #!/bin/sh PS3="Choose the number of the correct word to fill in the blank: " echo "The emergency brake let go and car rolled ______ the hill" select SENT1 in up down along beside do if [ "$SENT1" == "" ]; then echo -e "You need to enter somethingn" continue elif [ "$SENT1" != down ]; then echo -e "Sorry. Incorrectn" echo "1. Incorrect" >> eoiexam.dat elif [ "$SENT1" == down ]; then and science. To ignore upper/lower case distinctions, use the -i option, i.e. type % grep -i science science.txt To search for a phrase or pattern, you must enclose it in single quotes (the apostrophe symbol). For example to search for spinning top, type % grep -i 'spinning top' science.txt Some of the other options of grep are: Bookmark and Share PERL - First Script With PERL installed we are ready to dive into our first script. There are a few elements every PERL script must contain in order to function. Open up your favorite simple text editor, the file extension for PERL scripts is .pl. Save your files with this extension. Advertise on Tizag.com The first line of every PERL script is a commented line directed toward -- somewhere in the documentation of your web server, or email your web host and they can specify your Perl installation directory. Perl - HTTP Headers Because we are working in a web environment we are sort of jumping ahead of the game. We have to introduce some HTTP headers so that Perl understands we are working with a web browser. To do this we have to run another line of strange code called an HTTP header as you may have guessed. It looks something like this: firstscript.pl: #!/usr/bin/perl -- print "Hello, Perl!"; Display: Hello, Perl! You should see "Hello, Perl!" in the top left corner of your browser. If you have a problem, ask about it on the Perl Forum Perl - Execute Your First Script Now it is time to upload your firstscript-linux.pl to your web server and execute it. After you upload your file be sure to CHMOD the script Step 2 Step 3 For drawing the outlines and contours of the treatment, we are going to use the Blob Brush(Shift + B) and a pen tablet. First, you need to set up the Blob Brush (Shift + B) to use the pressure sensitivity of the tablet. To do this, double-click on the Blob Brush (Shift + B) in the Tools Panel. In the Blob Brush Tool Options, you really only have to change: the Fidelity to 1, Smoothness to 0, Size to 2, select Pressure from the size drop-down menu, and change the Variation to 2. Now with these settings, the Blob Brush will utilize the pen tablet’s pressure sensitivity. Moreover, adjusting the Fidelity and Smoothness creates a brush stroke with a hand-drawn feel. -- April 15, 2010 at 2:25 pm Cheers Rype great tutorial! I’ll be using this on my future t-shirt and poster designs Reply 8. Nick says: April 16, 2010 at 2:51 am Thanks Ryan – another great tutorial. I really have to stop using the Wacom tablet as just a large wireless mouse pad! Reply 9. Ron says: April 16, 2010 at 7:04 am Great artwork! Great techniques! Reply With the Pencil tool (N) draw a organic shape encompassing the bottom half of the berry. Step 16 Fill the new shape with a linear gradient. For this gradient we need to add an extra color stop. To do this, simply click on the middle of the Gradient Slider in the Gradient panel. Change the first color stop to light brown, the second to a dark brown, and the third to your first light brown. Next, select the middle color stop and change the Location to 70 in the Gradient panel. -- the New Brush dialing opens, select the New Art Brush radial button. In the Art Brush Options keep all the default settings. Step 27 Use the Brush tool (B) with the new art brush and draw a leaf on the top of the strawberry. You might have to change the stroke of the path if the shape is too big or doesn’t look correct. When creating these brush strokes, make sure the darker part of the brush is facing down and the pointy part of the brush is facing away from the berry shape. If this is not how it looks after creating the path, press the Stroke Options button at the bottom of the Brush panel. When the Stroke Options dialog opens, you can select the Flip Along or Flip Across -- 4. Grafiko says: February 11, 2010 at 8:30 am Very nice! Outcome looks very cool. Thanks Reply 5. Neil says: February 11, 2010 at 9:34 am Very nice and cute example of small scale vectors. i might have to have a play and take this with other dippable items! Reply 6. Theo Hodkin says: February 11, 2010 at 9:58 am That’s brilliant! Sooo good, the final result is brilliant… and great style too! Thanks Ryan! -- thats really so cool! i like it very much, shame i missed it for valentines day. but its a really nice tutorial for me to get stuck into illustrator. many thanks! Reply 19. designi1 says: February 17, 2010 at 4:17 am So dam tasty :D Great job here… i must be hungry ;:D Reply 20. PsdDude says: February 23, 2010 at 3:23 am I looks delicious ! I like the chocolate effect …Thanks for the tutorial :) Reply -- January 9, 2011 at 1:53 pm Hi there, I’m a beginner in AI and I can’t do effect PATHFINDER > MINUS FRONT. I’m using CS5 and doesn’t appear MINUS FRONT in EFFECTS>PAHFINDER, onlu MINUS BACK. Another doubt I have is when I have an object selected and do pathfinder>some effect it pop ups a message: pathfinder effects should usually be applied to groups, layers or types of objects. This may not have any effect on current selection. Can you please help me? Reply 41. Enric says: January 16, 2011 at 10:16 am -- Reply 16. 20+ Colorful Tutorials to Polish Your Adobe Illustrator Skills | [Re]Encoded.com says: July 13, 2010 at 6:02 am [...] Mouthwatering Chocolate-covered Strawberry [...] Reply 17. Collection of the must useful illustrator tutorials | mameara.com says: July 19, 2010 at 12:54 am [...] Mouthwatering Chocolate Covered Strawberry [...] Reply 18. Best Illustrator Tutorials from 2010 - Noupe Design Blog says: December 21, 2010 at 4:10 am 1-8 on each layer. This will help to make it more obvious what the various "ranks" do. GIMP versions older than 2.0 could not reload gih files (GIMP image pipes), so I include the source xcf images here. The example image. To start creating a image pipe, you will need to save the file in the ".gih" extension. To use the brush immediately, you probabaly want to save it in the brushes/ subdir of your GIMP directory (probabaly ~/.gimp-2.4). To save the image you will be presented with a save dialog for the GIH plugin. (Image above) For a simple image like this, the only values you usually need to change are "Spacing", The "Number of Cells", the number of "Ranks", and the "selection" for each rank. Spacing is pretty much the same as for regular brushes. It indicates what percentage of a brush width or height that the cursor moves between each time the shape is pasted. Ranks indicates how many levels of variation to use by the Selection values. For this image, the value of ranks should be equal to the number of images in the stack. Since it is possible to have multi-dimensional pipes, there needs to be a way to set more than one rank. For this example, we are going to choose to select from the rank using method "incremental". This essentially means that the images will be selected in the order they are in the layer stack. Other options include: -- We are going to start with a .tub file available from Hood's PSP Tubes, in this case the Fireball example. Hood's site is not available anymore but you may be able to find "HFireball.zip" or "H Fireball.tub" on several sites distributing PSP Tubes. The file needs to be loaded as a regular image, then saved as a gih image. Sometimes you may need to make some best guesses as to the save parameters. An example of what the image window will look like after initially loading the .tub file is shown above. Saving this file as a .gih file, and using the paramaters as shown in: The original tutorial can be found here. a suggestion of depth by lowering the saturation or value of a corner in the back, you can improve the look of an icon with just a little work. For smooth shading, select the area you want to work with and then apply the airbrush tool. You'll only affect the selection, so you don't have to worry about overspray. To do hard highlights, use the one pixel pencil tool and, as before, a lowered opacity for the color. Work Example In this small tutorial, Ximian artist Jakub Steiner will demonstrate most of the techniques described in the section called "A Few Tricks" -- but not completely white, color for the background layer. After you're done with the icon, you can drag colors from the palette to the background layer to make sure that the icon looks right on any background. Drag the black preview rectangle from the toolbox, or press Ctrl-+ to fill the silhouette. You should have a black square on a light background. Then, use the eraser tool to smooth the edges of the square so that the shape is better. This will also add a slight white shine to the corners of the image. Making it Plastic ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ [BUTTON Input] (not implemented)______________ [BUTTON Input] (not implemented)______ Comment goes here You should log in and post some comments! The link is up there in the toolbar. Go nuts! Programming in Linux Linux and CVS Checking for damage with rootkit hunter -- .emacs file like so: (add-to-list 'load-path "~/elisp/") (require 'auto-header) There is a section of the auto-header.el file that defines the characters that are used for commented areas for different programming languages. The headers for the file need to be inside a commented region at the beginning of your source code file. The file includes 20 different programming languages, but PHP, which I use a lot, is missing. So I just added an entry for it between Perl and Postscript: (perl-mode . ("#" "" "##" "#")) (php-mode . ("/*" "*/" " *" "*")) (postscript-mode . ("%" "" "%%" "%")) -- that it's going to make your work and your life a whole lot easier. Our First BASH Script The first thing that a BASH script needs is the proverbial 'shebang'. These are two characters: #! Following this, you should include the path to the BASH interpreter. So the first line of your script should look like this: #!/bin/bash If your default shell is BASH, the line: #!/bin/sh does the same thing. It's just a symbolic link to /bin/bash. But if -- From there on, you're free to do what the shell allows. Shell scripts created for administration purposes (which are the majority of scripts) are made up of lines that invoke other commands. Let's look at a simple example. Let's say you have email users on your system but you don't have a quota in place. Still, you want to monitor the sizes of the mailboxes to make sure that people aren't taking up more space than they should. This script, run from crontab, would do the trick nicely: Except for the shebang, comment lines start with # #!/bin/sh # show us the size of email spools email spools # date in YYYY-MM-DD format today=`date +%Y-%m-%0e`; # subject and recipient variables -- # end script First off, you'll see that we've declared some variables. These variables are not prefixed by any characters when declared but they are prefixed by the dollar sign ($) when used. You've also noticed that variables can be other commands, as in this example with the date command. When you use a command as a variable, it must be put inside backticks (` `). First, the script changes to the directory where the mail spools are located. The the scripts performs an 'ls' with options and presents a list where the biggest spools are displayed first with their size in human readable format. This is piped to awk, which sorts out the size and the user name. The awk output is grepped for those spools which are -- script with frequently used built in variables. #!/bin/sh echo "You are user $UID on $HOSTNAME" echo "Your home directory is: $HOME" echo "$HOSTNAME is running $OSTYPE" The output of this script should yield something similar to this: You are user 500 on penguin.linux.ork Your home directory is: /home/mike penguin.linux.ork is running linux-gnu As you can see, we didn't have to previously declare any of these. That's why they're known as built-in variables. Their use will save you a lot of time in writing your scripts. You can find a complete list of built-in variables in theGNU BASH Reference Manual Interactive Scripts Though we mentioned that the main use of BASH scripts is for automating administrative tasks, there may be times when you need users to interact with scripts. If you want a user to input information, you need to use the variableread. Let's take a look at the following example: #!/bin/sh echo -n "Enter the name of a city: " read CITY echo -n "$CITY is " case $CITY in -- After, we have several options for each case. If the user types in the name of a city we've contemplated here, he/she will be given a message as to where the city is. If not, the script will display a message that it doesn't know where the city is. Any answer is represented by the asterisk (*) Making Sure You Have What You Need If you have to manipulate the contents of a file, it's a good idea to check if this file exists first. Here is a simple BASH routine to do this using the if command: #!/bin/sh if test -f /var/log/mail.log; then printf "The file existsn"; fi -- #!/bin/sh PS3="Choose the number of the correct word to fill in the blank: " echo "The emergency brake let go and car rolled ______ the hill" select SENT1 in up down along beside do if [ "$SENT1" == "" ]; then echo -e "You need to enter somethingn" continue elif [ "$SENT1" != down ]; then echo -e "Sorry. Incorrectn" echo "1. Incorrect" >> eoiexam.dat elif [ "$SENT1" == down ]; then << Previous o Trail o Next >> Using Top-Level Containers As we mentioned before, Swing provides three generally useful top-level container classes: JFrame, JDialog, and JApplet. When using these classes, you should keep these facts in mind: * To appear onscreen, every GUI component must be part of a containment hierarchy. A containment hierarchy is a tree of components that has a top-level container as its root. We'll show you one in a bit. * Each GUI component can be contained only once. If a component is already in a container and you try to add it to another container, the component will be removed from the first container and then -- uses a BorderLayout as its layout manager. It's easy to customize the content pane — setting the layout manager or adding a border, for example. However, there is one tiny gotcha. The getContentPane method returns a Container object, not a JComponent object. This means that if you want to take advantage of the content pane's JComponent features, you need to either typecast the return value or create your own component to be the content pane. Our examples generally take the second approach, since it's a little cleaner. Another approach we sometimes take is to simply add a customized component to the content pane, covering the content pane completely. -- The Root Pane Each top-level container relies on a reclusive intermediate container called the root pane. The root pane manages the content pane and the menu bar, along with a couple of other containers. You generally don't need to know about root panes to use Swing components. However, if you ever need to intercept mouse clicks or paint over multiple components, you should get acquainted with root panes. Here's a list of the components that a root pane provides to a frame (and to every other top-level container): A root pane manages four other panes: a layered pane, a menu bar, a content pane, and a glass pane. ... button = new JButton(leftAction) ... menuItem = new JMenuItem(leftAction); To create an Action object, you generally create a subclass of AbstractAction and then instantiate it. In your subclass, you must implement the actionPerformed method to react appropriately when the action event occurs. Here's an example of creating and instantiating an AbstractAction subclass: leftAction = new LeftAction("Go left", anIcon, "This is the left button.", new Integer(KeyEvent.VK_L)); -- A snapshot of ActionDemo when A snapshot of ActionDemo when Here's the code that disables the "Go left" action: boolean selected = ...//true if the action should be enabled; //false, otherwise leftAction.setEnabled(selected); After you create components using an Action, you might well need to customize them. For example, you might want to customize the appearance of one of the components by adding or deleting the icon or text. For example, ActionDemo.java has no icons in its menus, and no text in its buttons. Here's the code that accomplishes this: menuItem = new JMenuItem(); menuItem.setAction(leftAction); << Previous o Trail o Next >> How to Use the Focus Subsystem Many components ??? even those primarily operated with the mouse, such as buttons ??? can be operated with the keyboard. For a key press to affect a component, the component must have the keyboard focus. From the user's point of view, the component with the keyboard focus is generally prominent ??? with a dotted or black border, for example. The window containing the component is also more prominent than other windows onscreen. These visual cues let the user know to which component any typing will relate. Only one component at a time in the -- in JDK 1.4. Prior to the 1.4 release, JComponent methods, such as setNextFocusableComponent, getNextFocusableComponent, requestDefaultFocus, and isManagingFocus, were used to manage the keyboard focus. These methods are now deprecated. Another method, requestFocus, is discouraged because it tries to give the focus to the component's window, which is not always possible. As of JDK 1.4, you should instead use the requestFocusInWindow method, which does not attempt to make the component's window focused. The method returns a boolean value indicating whether the method succeeded. __________________________________________________________________ The rest of this section covers the following topics: * Introduction to the Focus Subsystem -- use the requestFocusInWindow method to set the focus on a component when the window becomes visible. * The ordering is wrong. To fix this issue, you can change the containment hierarchy, you can change the order that the components are added to their containers, or you can create a custom focus traversal policy. For more details see Customizing Focus Traversal. * A component must to be prevented from losing focus, or you need to check a value in a component before it loses focus. Input verification is a solution to this problem. * A custom component is not getting the focus. To fix this issue, you need to make sure that it satisfies all the requirements outlined in Making a Custom Component Focusable. The FocusConceptsDemo example illustrates a few concepts. The FocusConceptsDemo example __________________________________________________________________ -- The KeyboardFocusManager is a critical element of the focus subsystem. It manages state and initiates changes. The keyboard manager tracks the focus owner ??? the component that receives typing from the keyboard. The focused window is the window that contains the focus owner. __________________________________________________________________ JWindow and focus: To use a JWindow component in your GUI, you should know that the JWindow component's owning frame must be visible in order for any components in the window to get the focus. By default, if you do not specify an owning frame for a JWindow component, an invisible owning frame is created for it. The result is that components in the JWindow component might not be able to get the focus. The solution is either to specify a visible owning frame when creating the JWindow component, or to use an undecorated JFrame component instead. -- //Calculate the result and update the GUI. payment = computePayment(amount, rate, numPeriods); paymentField.setText(paymentFormat.format(payment)); } //This method checks input, but should cause no side effects. public boolean verify(JComponent input) { return checkField(input, false); } protected void makeItPretty(JComponent input) { checkField(input, true); -- return checkAmountField(changeIt); } else if (input == rateField) { return checkRateField(changeIt); } else if (input == numPeriodsField) { return checkNumPeriodsField(changeIt); } else { return true; //should not happen } } //Checks that the amount field is valid. If it is valid, //it returns true; otherwise, returns false. If the //change argument is true, this method sets the -- source.selectAll(); } } Note that the verify method is implemented to detect invalid values but does nothing else. The verify method exists only to determine whether the input is valid ??? it should never bring up a dialog-box or cause any other side effects. The shouldYieldFocus method calls verify and, if a values is invalid, sets it to the minimum or maximum value. The shouldYieldFocus method is allowed to cause side effects, in this case, it always formats the text field and may also change its value. In our example, the shouldYieldFocus method always returns true so that the transfer of the focus is never actually prevented. This is just one way -- private MyVerifier verifier = new MyVerifier(); ... amountField.setInputVerifier(verifier); Making a Custom Component Focusable For a component to gain the focus, it must satisfy three requirements: it must be visible, enabled, and focusable. An input map may also be given. For more information about input map, read How to Use Key Bindings. The TrackFocusDemo example defines the simple component Picture. Its constructor is shown below: public Picture(Image image) { -- addMouseListener(this); addFocusListener(this); } The call to the setFocusable(true) method makes the component focusable. If you explicitly give your component key bindings in its WHEN_FOCUSED input map, you do not need to call the setFocusable method. To visually show changes in the focus (by drawing a red border only when the component has the focus), Picture has a focus listener. To gain the focus when the user clicks on the picture, the component -- You can remove the custom focus traversal policy by setting the FocusTraversalPolicy to null, which will restore the default policy. Tracking Focus Changes to Multiple Components In some situations an application may need to track which component has the focus. This information might be used to dynamically update menus or perhaps a status bar. If you need to track the focus only on specific components, it may make sense to implement a focus event listener. If a focus listener is not appropriate, you can instead register a PropertyChangeListener on the KeyboardFocusManager. The property change listener is notified of every change involving the focus, including -- initiates the focus transfer, but it does not immediately move the focus to the Cancel button. When the Start button is disabled, the focus is transferred to the next component (so there is always a component with the focus) and, in this case, it would then move the focus to the text field, not to the Cancel button. There are several situations in which you need to make focus requests after all other changes that might affect the focus applies to: * Hiding the focus owner. * Making the focus owner non-focusable. * Calling the removeNotify method on the focus owner. * Doing any of the above operations to the container of the focus owner, or causing changes to the focus policy so that the container -- All of this API was introduced in JDK 1.4. Method (in Component) Purpose isFocusOwner() Returns true if the component is the focus owner. This method, introduced in JDK 1.4, renders obsolete hasFocus. setRequestFocusEnabled(boolean) isRequestFocusEnabled() (in JComponent) Sets or checks on whether this component should get the focus. Setting the setRequestFocusEnabled to false typically prevents mouse clicks from giving the component the focus, while still allowing keyboard navigation to give the component the focus. This method applies only to components that receive mouse events. For example, you can use this method on a JButton, but not on a JPanel. If you write a custom component it is up to you to honor this property. This method is recommended over the setFocusable method and will allow your program to work better for users employing assistive technologies. setFocusable(boolean) isFocusable() Sets or gets the focusable state of the component. A component must be focusable in order to gain the focus. When a component has been removed from the focus cycle with setFocusable(false), it can no longer be navigated with the keyboard. The setRequestFocusEnabled method is recommended so that your program can be run by users employing assistive technologies. requestFocusInWindow() Requests that this component should get the focus. The component's window must be the current focused window. For this request to be granted a subclass of JComponent must be visible, enabled, and focusable, and have an input map for this request to be granted. It should not be assumed that the component has the focus until it fires a FOCUS_GAINED event. This method is preferred to the requestFocus method, which is platform-dependent. setFocusTraversalKeys(int, Set) getFocusTraversalKeys(int) areFocusTraversalKeysSet(int) (in java.awt.Container) Sets or gets the focus traversal keys for a -- have been set, they are inherited from an ancestor or from the keyboard focus manager. Focus traversal keys can be set for the following directions: KeyboardFocusManager.FORWARD_TRAVERSAL_KEYS, KeyboardFocusManager.BACKWARD_TRAVERSAL_KEYS KeyboardFocusManager.UP_CYCLE_TRAVERSAL_KEYS, or KeyboardFocusManager.DOWN_CYCLE_TRAVERSAL_KEYS. If you set the UP_CYCLE_TRAVERSAL_KEYS or the DOWN_CYCLE_TRAVERSAL_KEYS, you must also invoke setImplicitDownCycleTraversal(false) on the focus traversal policy. Creating and Using a Custom FocusTraversalPolicy Class or Method Purpose LayoutFocusTraversalPolicy The class that, by default, determines the focus traversal policy for Swing components. getComponentAfter(Container, Component) Given the component that is passed as input, returns the component that should next have the focus. getComponentBefore(Container, Component) Given the component that is passed as input, returns the component that should have the focus before this component. The method is used for backward tabbing. getDefaultComponent(Container) (in javax.swing.SortingFocusTraversalPolicy) Returns the component that should have the default focus. getFirstComponent(Container) Returns the first component in the traversal cycle. getInitialComponent(Container) Returns the component that should receive the focus when a window is made visible for the first time. getLastComponent(Container) Returns the last component in the traversal cycle. setFocusTraversalPolicy(FocusTraversalPolicy) getFocusTraversalPolicy(FocusTraversalPolicy) (in java.awt.Container) Sets or gets the focus traversal policy or -- (in InputVerifier) When a component has an input verifier, this method is called by the system to determine whether the focus can leave this component. This method may cause side effects, such as bringing up a dialog-box. If this method returns false, the focus remains on the component passed in to the method. verify(JComponent) (in InputVerifier) You need to override this method to check that the component's input is valid. It should return true if valid, otherwise return false. This method should not cause any side effects, such as bringing up a dialog-box. This method is called by shouldYieldFocus. setInputVerifier(inputVerifier) getInputVerifier() (in JComponent) Sets or gets the input verifier assigned to the component. By default, components have no input verifier. setVerifyInputWhenFocusTarget(boolean) getVerifyInputWhenFocusTarget() (in JComponent) Sets or gets whether the input verifier for the current focus owner is called before this component requests the focus. The default is true. This method should be set to false for components, such as a Cancel button or a scroll bar, that should receive the focus even if input is invalid. KeyboardFocusManager Properties This table defines the bound properties for KeyboardFocusManager. A listener can be registered for these properties by calling -- Property Purpose focusOwner The component that currently receives key events. permanentFocusOwner The component that most recently received a permanent FOCUS_GAINED event. Typically the same as focusOwner, unless a temporary focus change is currently in effect. focusedWindow The window that is or that contains the focus owner. activeWindow The component must always be either a Frame or a Dialog. The active window is either the focused window, or the first frame or dialog-box that is an owner of the focused window. defaultFocusTraversalPolicy The default focus traversal policy, which can be set by the setFocusTraversalPolicy method of the Container class. forwardDefaultFocusTraversalKeys The set of default focus keys for a -- backward traversal. For multi-line text components these keys default to Control-Shift-Tab. For all other components these keys default to Shift-Tab and Control-Shift-Tab. upCycleDefaultFocusTraversalKeys The set of default focus keys for an up cycle. These keys are null, by default, for Swing components. If you set these keys on the KeyboardFocusManager, or if you set the downCycleFocusTraversalKeys on a focus cycle root, you must also invoke the setImplicitDownCycleTraversal(false) method on the focus traversal policy. downCycleDefaultFocusTraversalKeys The set of default focus keys for a down cycle. These keys are null, by default, for Swing components. If you set these keys on the KeyboardFocusManager, or if you set the upCycleFocusTraversalKeys on a focus cycle root, you must also invoke the setImplicitDownCycleTraversal(false) method on the focus traversal policy. currentFocusCycleRoot The container that is the current focus cycle root. Examples that Use Focus begun to home in on comments by German chancellor Angela Merkel that the ESM will not carry the legacy costs of Spain's banking crisis. The burden will instead fall on the Spanish state. This will be 4pc of GDP on official estimates, or nearer 10pc if the pessimists are right about the true scale of property debts. The International Monetary Fund said earlier this month that Spain "must be able to recapitalise banks without adding to sovereign debt" if it is to recover. Adrian Zunzunegui from Cheuvreux said the underlying crisis was "still getting worse" as fiscal austerity ravages the tax base. "We believe the budget deficit will stand at 8pc in 2012." -- pact deepens 1. Stocks to soar as world money catches fire, Calvinst Europe left behind 2. Revolutionary Japan is suddenly the centre of world affairs 3. China blazes trail for 'clean' nuclear power from thorium 4. Waitrose boss: Britons should brace themselves for 'massive' food price hikes 5. HMRC publishes pictures of Britain's top tax cheats Advertisement MORE FROM TELEGRAPH.CO.UK commission, said the body “decided to take a little more time so that it can reach an ambitious consensus” and that it would next meet on Nov. 14 to discuss the legislation. Under one possible compromise, the commission could agree to modify the measure by letting national governments determine whether any sanctions should apply to companies and organizations that failed to take steps like introducing transparent selection criteria to give more consideration to women. Ms. Reding had intended penalties like fines or the blocking of appointments if a board tilted too heavily toward one gender. The legislation had been written so that corporate boards that did not -- including Malta, the Czech Republic, Latvia and Bulgaria, shared this position. In another case focused on gender equality, Herman Van Rompuy, the president of the European Council, told the European Parliament on Tuesday that the appointment of Yves Mersch to the executive board of the European Central Bank should proceed. The Parliament’s influential economic and monetary affairs committee voted to reject the appointment of Mr. Mersch on Monday night on the ground that it would keep the executive board as an all-male preserve. The full Parliament will vote Thursday on the appointment. begun to home in on comments by German chancellor Angela Merkel that the ESM will not carry the legacy costs of Spain's banking crisis. The burden will instead fall on the Spanish state. This will be 4pc of GDP on official estimates, or nearer 10pc if the pessimists are right about the true scale of property debts. The International Monetary Fund said earlier this month that Spain "must be able to recapitalise banks without adding to sovereign debt" if it is to recover. Adrian Zunzunegui from Cheuvreux said the underlying crisis was "still getting worse" as fiscal austerity ravages the tax base. "We believe the budget deficit will stand at 8pc in 2012." -- pact deepens 1. Stocks to soar as world money catches fire, Calvinst Europe left behind 2. Revolutionary Japan is suddenly the centre of world affairs 3. China blazes trail for 'clean' nuclear power from thorium 4. Waitrose boss: Britons should brace themselves for 'massive' food price hikes 5. HMRC publishes pictures of Britain's top tax cheats Advertisement MORE FROM TELEGRAPH.CO.UK * reddit * StumbleUpon * Twitter * Email * Print King says banks must raise their capital levels Governor of the Bank of England Sir Mervyn King Please turn on JavaScript. Media requires JavaScript to play. Sir Meryn King: "Creditors must acknowledge further likely losses" Continue reading the main story UK Economy * The never-ending search for work * Four steps to getting a job -- "Only then will it be possible to return to a more normal provision of vital banking services so crucial to an economic recovery". 'Encouraging signs' Speaking at an event in Cardiff, Sir Mervyn said the government and Bank of England's latest effort to boost bank lending - the Funding for Lending scheme - must be used as a "window of opportunity" to "restore the capital position of the UK banking system". Yet he said the initiative could only be "temporary". Continue reading the main story “Start Quote -- 9. 9: Alcohol 'disrupts sleep cycles' 10. 10: Algeria hostage's wife 'so proud' Video/Audio 1. 1: Clinton testifies on Benghazi attack Watch 2. 2: Clinton: We must support 'emerging democracies' Watch 3. 3: Experts test 'bomb-proof' train Watch 4. 4: 'This will be an in/out referendum' Watch 5. 5: Beyonce sings at Obama ceremony Watch 6. 6: Europe chilly on Cameron speech Watch 7. 7: Can GPS trackers save pigeon racing? Watch 8. 8: One-minute World News Watch -- CPS_PREVIEW=false CPS_BUILD_VERSION=6.2.110-RC2 CPS_STATS_COUNTERNAME=news.business.story.20051656.page CPS_FIRST_PUBLISH_TIMESTAMP=2012-10-23T20:43:57+00:00 CPS_LAST_EDITORIAL_UPDATE_TIMESTAMP=2012-10-23T20:43:57+00:00 CPS_COMMENTS_ENABLED=false CPS_PAGE_TITLE_URL_ENCODED=BBC+News+-+King+says+banks+must+raise+their+capital+l evels CPS_HEADLINE_SHORT_URL_ENCODED=King+says+banks+must+raise+funds HOST_STATIC=http://news.bbcimg.co.uk CSS_HI_SHARED=3_0_9/cream INC_HI_SHARED=3_0_7/cream IMG_HI_SHARED=3_0_0/cream JS_VIEW_VERSION=0.0 CSS_HI_NEWS=1_4_36/cream -- blq_istats_linktracking=true blq_nedstat=1 blq_nedstat_geoedition=international blq_nedstat_countername=news.business.story.20051656.page blq_nedstat_labels=cps_asset_id=20051656&page_type=story§ion=business&app_ve rsion=6.2.110-RC2&first_pub=2012-10-23T20:43:57+00:00&last_editorial_update=2012 -10-23T20:43:57+00:00&title=King+says+banks+must+raise+funds&comments_box=false& cps_media_type=&cps_media_state=&app_type=web&ml_name=SSI&ml_version=0.14.4&lang uage=en-GB blq_search_scope=news blq_mobile_url=/news/mobile/ blq_low_graphics_url=text_only.stm blq_nav_color=orange -- DNA_HOST_PREFIX=http://feeds.bbci.co.uk ENABLE_INDEX_COMMENT_COUNTS=true CDN_REQUEST=false blq_nedstat_url_cdata=//sa.bbc.co.uk/bbc/bbc/s?name=news.business.story.20051656 .page&cps_asset_id=20051656&page_type=story§ion=business&app_version=6.2.110 -RC2&first_pub=2012-10-23T20:43:57+00:00&last_editorial_update=2012-10-23T20:43: 57+00:00&title=King+says+banks+must+raise+funds&comments_box=false&cps_media_typ e=&cps_media_state=&app_type=web&ml_name=SSI&ml_version=0.14.4&language=en-GB blq_nedstat_url_no_script=//sa.bbc.co.uk/bbc/bbc/s?name=news.business.story.2005 1656.page&cps_asset_id=20051656&page_type=story&section=business& ;app_version=6.2.110-RC2&first_pub=2012-10-23T20:43:57+00:00&last_editor ial_update=2012-10-23T20:43:57+00:00&title=King+says+banks+must+raise+funds& amp;comments_box=false&cps_media_type=&cps_media_state=&app_type=web &ml_name=SSI&ml_version=0.14.4&language=en-GB CPS_SHOW_ADVERTISING=yes BBCCOM_RIGHTSBLOCK=no BBCCOM_MEDIAID=20066217 emp_id=emp-20066217-2613 Exploring the year ahead Last year we asserted that: investment banking dreams would die, the euro would stick together but live dangerously, grey market trading would suck life from IPOs (particularly Facebook's), corporate carve-ups would continue apace (including News Corp), and China's growth would dip below 8%. Now read what we have to say about 2013... Read the e-book Read 1. Former Microsoft executive says CEO Ballmer culls internal rivals to retain power -- Algeria ends desert siege, but dozens killed * 7 Fiat sees at least 100,000 Jeeps made in China in 2014 IFRAME: eFC-jobSearchWidget Europe must help Mali against Islamist rebels - Germany IFRAME: http://www.facebook.com/plugins/like.php?href=http%3A%2F%2Fuk.reuters.c om%2Farticle%2F2012%2F10%2F23%2Fuk-germany-mali-idUKBRE89M15S20121023&l ayout=standard&show_faces=false&width=450&action=recommend&colorscheme= light&height=35 -- * Tweet Link this Share this BERLIN (Reuters) - Europe must help restore security in Mali, hit by an Islamist insurgency in its north, and could lend support through military training to an African-led mission, Germany's Foreign Minister said on Tuesday. Guido Westerwelle said... Email -- September 28, 2012. Credit: Reuters/Mike Segar BERLIN | Tue Oct 23, 2012 7:13pm BST BERLIN (Reuters) - Europe must help restore security in Mali, hit by an Islamist insurgency in its north, and could lend support through military training to an African-led mission, Germany's Foreign Minister said on Tuesday. Guido Westerwelle said after talks in Berlin with the U.N.'s envoy to the Sahel, Romano Prodi, he was extremely worried about the situation. "From the north of Mali you need to cross only one international border and you are at the Mediterranean. If the north collapses, if terrorist training camps spring up and it becomes a haven for global terrorism, this won't just endanger Mali and North Africa, it will also threaten us in Europe." "There will be support from Germany and Europe, it is not about -- Regional leaders and international organisations including the African Union met in Mali's capital Bamako last week to seek a response to the occupation of the north by al Qaeda-linked Islamists, but failed to resolve differences on how to tackle the growing security threat. "In Mali we have the division of a country which in fact wants to and must be reunited. I absolutely agree with Minister Westerwelle that there cannot be a direct intervention by Europe. It's a problem that needs above all to be solved by the Africans," Prodi said. "We need to look at all alternatives and not fixate on a military option," he added. Mali descended into chaos in March when soldiers toppled the president, leaving a power vacuum that enabled Tuareg rebels to seize two-thirds of the country. But Islamist extremists, some allied with al Qaeda, hijacked the revolt and then imposed harsh Islamic law in a desert * Make Britain Count 1. Home» 2. Education» 3. Education News Ofqual: 'We have to cheat, nanny and fiddle', teachers say Teachers have admitted “fiddling” exam grades and cheating to keep up with rivals they distrust, a report by Ofqual claims, as one reveals: “We have to cheat because other schools will be doing so.” Ofqual has written to exam boards, asking them to identify schools that are abusing rules on Ofqual has written to exam boards, asking them to identify schools that are abusing rules on "extra time" in GCSEs. Photo: ALAMY -- 02 Nov 2012 * Students using 'sob stories' for extra marks 24 Mar 2009 Another claimed he had been instructed to cheat in order to keep up with other schools and was encouraged to "fiddle" results, while a third suggested pupils must be "nannied through every stage". The evidence was compiled by Ofqual from interviews with more than 100 participating schools, and extracts taken from the TES web forum for teachers. A separate report this week showed how some 130 schools were penalised for cheating, with a further 60 teachers penalised for 'malpractice'. In their own words: how teachers were pressured into bending the system Quote I've just read my school e-mail to find the instructions for getting the CA [controlled assesssment] folders together, and including the instruction ‘All folders must be at or above target grade.’ This is being done by either getting kids to rewrite CAs after they've been marked, or by fiddling the Speaking and Listening grades to make up for lost marks on the written work. When I've dared to suggest that the CAs should be done in exam conditions and that lots of schools are doing that, I'm told that that is rubbish, that CAs are really coursework, and that we have to cheat because other schools will be doing so, and we cannot afford to let our results slip at all. Quote The drive to achieve targets is definitely corrupting and I loathe being made to feel that I am not doing right by my students because I am not making them stay behind after school week after week to rewrite the bloody things. -- Quote The school felt that proper regulation of CA was well-nigh impossible and that controlled conditions were being interpreted very differently in different schools. This was creating suspicion and distrust between schools. Quote I feel I am being made to cheat. I've taught the kids and then let them do the tasks - we have to do them in the classrooms, except for those who need access arrangements, who are under the beady eye of external invigilators. I taught my kids, gave them the opportunity to make notes, and then did the damned things like an exam. Result? Lots of them underperformed against their targets. Not good enough. This work, I am told, is really coursework, and has to be at target grade, or they will not reach their targets at the end of the course. Others in the department have done marked drafts. I'm now feeling pressured to get some of mine to redo various pieces. I've voiced my objections, but have been told that the long and the short of it is that they have to be nannied through at every stage - there is disbelief when I say that some schools are doing the CAs as exams. I resent the implication that I am failing my kids, when actually what they produce is probably more accurate as an indication of their abilities than their target grades are. The sooner this nonsense is stopped and we go back to 100 per cent exams, the better. -- Michael Rosen at the 2012 Telegraph Bath Festival Of Children's Literature pretends to be the dream-catching BFG from Roald Dahl Blue Peter Book Awards 2013 shortlist announced 'I’ll never have to repay my student loan' The £27,000 pensioner loophole: 'I’ll never have to repay my student loan' Advertisement telegraphuk Please enable JavaScript to view the comments powered by Disqus. blog comments powered by Disqus 1. Home» 2. Sport» 3. Columnists» 4. Alan Smith Alan Smith: Arsenal must deal with Manchester United's wingers to stand a chance Sir Alex Ferguson took a few people by surprise when he picked two wingers for last weekend’s game against Chelsea. Arsenal must find a way of stoping Manchester United's in-form winger Antonio Valencia Catch me if you can: Arsenal must find a way of stoping Manchester United's in-form winger Antonio Valencia Photo: EPA Alan Smith By Alan Smith 10:00PM GMT 02 Nov 2012 -- But the good news for Wenger is that Jack Wilshere is back, meaning Arsenal now have more than one player who can quickly see the pass. After so long out, it would be unreasonable to expect Wilshere to hit the heights straight away, but he can still make a big difference to this Arsenal side. Also make a difference, perhaps, to Theo Walcott who must stand a chance of starting this game after boosting his confidence with those midweek goals against Reading. Walcott, we know, wants to play through the middle. It’s the main reason, apparently, he hasn’t yet signed a new contract. If I was him, though, I wouldn’t get too preoccupied with his starting -- In many ways, this is an easier way of finding space than playing directly up against two central defenders who can cover for each other when you make a run. In any case, Walcott isn’t exactly restricted within Arsenal’s shape. He can always move across to get involved. And with Cazorla and Wilshere about, that should lead in theory to some excellent service, as long as Walcott learns the ropes to this important role (Fig 2). That said, I wouldn’t be surprised to see him start on the bench today, with Aaron Ramsey used instead to give the team a more solid feel. Arsenal, after all, have a dreadful recent record at Old Trafford, even -- * PAST MONTH 1. India v England: live 2. Roger Federer v Jo-Wilfried Tsonga: live 3. Colin Murray is not just irritating and irrelevant – he is a very bad presenter 4. Arsene Wenger says Arsenal must sign two 'quality players' or Champions League status could be at risk 5. Premier League Transfer Talk 1. Premier League Transfer Talk 2. Lance Armstrong faces Oprah Winfrey: as it happened 3. Liverpool make £8m bid for Inter Milan's Brazil midfielder Philippe #Finance » Chancellor must change tack or risk the wrath of pensioners Comments Feed [p?c1=2&c2=6035736&cv=2.0&cj=1] Finance RSS Feed dcsimg -- IFRAME: http://platform.twitter.com/widgets/follow_button.html?show_screen_name =false&show_count=true&screen_name=iancowie [cowieblog.jpg] Chancellor must change tack or risk the wrath of pensioners By Ian Cowie Your Money Last updated: November 2nd, 2012 Comment on this Comment on this article Next monthâs Autumn Statement could cause the Government to lose the -- be bad advice for those who are in debt by the fourth week of every month or, for any other reason, cannot afford to lock cash away until they reach retirement age. Millions of graduates might be better off paying down student debts, for example, or saving to buy their first home. The legal principle that compensation must be paid when financial advice, let alone compulsion, causes any individual to be worse off is well-established. A series of scandals including personal pensions sold to people who might have been better off in company schemes, with-profits endowments and payment protection insurance (PPI) have all demonstrated that it is no defence to claim good intentions. -- into pensions last month, when the new scheme was launched, and millions more will be affected as smaller companies and their employees are brought within its scope in the months and years ahead. And nearly half of all pensioners are currently so poor that they are eligible for means-tested benefits. Lest this sound alarmist, there is no need to take my word for it. Pensions expert Dr. Ros Altmann, the director-general of Saga, summed up the problem succinctly this week: âIt is dangerous to auto-enrol people into pensions unless we can be sure they will not lose all their savings in a state pension means test.â In a bid to reduce this risk, as recently as the last Budget the -- (NICs) all their working lives would be excluded forever from the improved basic state pension, many others who never paid any tax or NICs but none the less have residency rights in the UK and retired after the change might benefit. No wonder the Prime Ministerâs office vetoed the plan as soon as its political consequences became clear. No one needs to tell Number 10 that pensioners tend to exercise their right to vote rather more rigorously than younger constituents. So the original proposals would have resulted in an extreme example of a reform where those who miss out make most noise while many winners would remain blithely unaware of what was going on. #Finance » The German bloc will have to take its bitter medicine in Greece Comments Feed [p?c1=2&c2=6035736&cv=2.0&cj=1] Finance RSS Feed dcsimg -- 1991, serving as Washington correspondent and later Europe correspondent in Brussels. He is now International Business Editor in London. Subscribe to the City Briefing e-mail. [ambrose-new.jpg] The German bloc will have to take its bitter medicine in Greece By Ambrose Evans-Pritchard Economics Last updated: October 31st, 2012 Comment on this Comment on this article Every detail of the Greek economy is worse than officially forecast -- accurate forecast, given the crazy circumstances in Greece. I don't wish to be unduly harsh on the IMF â a superb organisation â but actually the Greek Labour Institute and the think-tank IOVE did predict this level of contraction. The IMF simply lost its political way in Greece. It knew â or should have known from dozens on rescue operations around the world â that Greece would crash into a self-feeding spiral without a rapid debt restructuring and a devaluation. Both channels were blocked because of the sanctity of the EMU Project. (Though default would come later, in a capricious fashion, singling out -- illusion for their own internal political reasons. Greece cannot claw its way out of a 190pc of GDP debt load. The official haircut is coming sooner or later, and it will be an explosive political moment. Chancellor Angela Merkel will have to account for direct losses to the Bundestag. A line will have to be written into the German budget covering the X billions of euros. Other line items may have to be cut. Welfare support for Germans, perhaps. Having insisted for over two years that German taxpayers face no risk of loss on the Club Med rescue packages â and having indeed told them it generated a profit â she will have to explain why this has gone horribly wrong. No doubt she will try to delay this awful moment until after the German elections late next year. But the calendar of simmering revolt in Greece is not in her hands. One of the three parties in the pro-Memorandum coalition has already refused to go along with the * My Telegraph 1. Home» 2. Comment» 3. Letters We must decide the areas in which ash trees are to be preserved Strategy to slow ash dieback disease. 7:00AM GMT 03 Nov 2012 Comments Comments SIR – The United Kingdom boasts several internationally significant populations of ash that require the highest levels of protection. These will be lost if we do not urgently put in place a strategy that targets these areas, at least to slow progress of the ash dieback disease. Top of the list must be the Lake District, which includes significant numbers of ash in ancient semi-natural woodlands and many hundreds of ancient pollards. Pollarding (lopping branches off trees at a height of 10 or 12ft above ground on a regular cycle) is integral to the traditional silvo-pastoral system practised for centuries throughout the region. In valleys such as Borrowdale, there are specimens hundreds of years old which provide a habitat for rare lichens, birds, bats and invertebrates. They are as much part of the landscape as the lakes, Herdwick sheep and vernacular architecture. Our experience with Dutch elm disease, foot and mouth, and red squirrel conservation, tells us that core populations need to be identified and targeted at the earliest possible stage in an outbreak. Edward R Wilson Forest Scientist Director Silviculture Research International Penrith, Cumbria -- Ibrahim Hewitt Senior Editor, Middle East Monitor London NW10 The right side SIR – As a poppy seller, I am often asked which side a woman should wear hers. I always say the right side. However, more women seem to be wearing them on the left. Can anyone tell me the correct side? Anthony Messenger Windsor, Berkshire -- because they are afraid of recriminations. This fear is all the more reason to support the Liverpool Care Pathway. The timing of when to introduce the Pathway is critical; it is not guesswork, as has been suggested. It is about sound clinical judgment that comes with experience. Healthcare workers should have the common sense and sensitivity to obtain consent from relatives in advance, and to ensure that relatives understand that the pathway is about relieving pain and suffering so that there can be dignity as life ebbs away. Relatives should be encouraged to understand the needs of the dying and not their own needs. You give examples of the Pathway being withdrawn and a patient living a further two weeks. However, no mention is made of the suffering that the person almost certainly experienced before finally dying. Who benefited from those two weeks? I am sure it was not the patient. * Money Deals 1. Home» 2. Finance» 3. Economics Bank of England needs to prevent group think, former deputy governor warns The Bank of England needs to encourage a new culture that allows staff to “challenge” senior figures to prevent potentially damaging “house views” developing, a former deputy governor has urged. Picture inside the cuppolla at the side of the Bank of England. The Bank needs to allow more challenge from junior staff Photo: Julian Simmonds Philiip Aldrick By Philip Aldrick, Economics Editor 12:32PM GMT 02 Nov 2012 -- =false&show_count=true&screen_name=philaldrick Comments Comments Sir John Gieve said the failure of economic policy before the crisis at the Bank and other institutions across the world was largely the result of “group think” that needs to be stamped out. His comments at Fathom Consulting’s Monetary Policy Forum echoed those made in three reviews into the Bank’s recent performance released today. They found that “there appears to be some tendency for [staff] to -- Sir John, who was deputy governor for financial stability until 2009, said: “The biggest errors of economic policy were before the crisis in allowing the boom to develop. They were the result of a remarkable degree of group think – not just in the UK. “That was a problem in the Bank, as it was in the US Federal Reserve and the European Central Bank. We need to redouble efforts to challenge orthodoxy in these institutions.” Related Articles * BoE admits its forecasts are worse than peers 02 Nov 2012 -- His words amounted to a call to arms for the Chancellor to ensure the right governance structures are put in place before the next Governor of the Bank takes over in June. Andrew Tyrie, chairman of the Treasury Select Committee, has called governance at the Bank “defective”. To stamp out group think, Sir John said the Bank should adopt the reviews’ proposal that it publish more detail on its economic forecasts. “How do you bring challenge into a hierarchical institution? One way of doing that is to publish more detail on the forecasts. Transparency on how they see the economy developing would be helpful in freeing up the -- to avoid house views developing.” One of the three reviews criticised the Bank’s error-ridden forecast record and suggested it publish the details of its outlook, such as the household savings rate and the output gap, to allow economists to challenge its assumptions. Eric Britton, a director at Fathom, said: “That should be out there and discussed – the way they are thinking about the world.” Sir John welcomed the reviews’ suggestion that matters could be brought up with the Court of the Bank, a group of independent directors who oversee the institution. He the Court should play “a stewardship role ... and assess whether blinkers are coming down ... and whether the architecture is working right”. However, Charles Goodhart, a former member of the Bank’s rate setting committee, told Fathom’s event that group think in the Bank has been no worse than other central banks and criticised the media’s mistaken -- pact deepens 1. Stocks to soar as world money catches fire, Calvinst Europe left behind 2. Revolutionary Japan is suddenly the centre of world affairs 3. China blazes trail for 'clean' nuclear power from thorium 4. Waitrose boss: Britons should brace themselves for 'massive' food price hikes 5. HMRC publishes pictures of Britain's top tax cheats Advertisement MBA Courses