Feminism "Feminists" redirects here. For other uses, see Feminists Feminism Women and femininity * Femininity Feminist history History of feminism * French feminism theory * Feminism in culture * Pro-feminism * Anti-feminism * Femicide * Feminist psychology * Feminists by nationality * Feminists * Conservative feminisms * Feminist rhetoricians Portal icon Feminism portal Feminism is a collection of movements and ideologies aimed at defining, originated the word "feminism" in 1837.^[3] The words "feminism" and "feminist" first appeared in France and the Netherlands in 1872,^[4] appearance of "feminist" and 1895 for "feminism".^[7] Today the Oxford English Dictionary defines a feminist as "an advocate or supporter of Feminist theory, which emerged from these feminist movements, aims to feminism have been criticized for taking into account only white, ethnically specific or multiculturalist forms of feminism.^[11] Feminist activists campaign for women's rights â such as in contract autonomy, and reproductive rights for women. Feminist campaigns have property.^[12]^[13] Feminists have worked to protect women and girls women.^[12]^[13]^[17] Feminism is mainly focused on women's issues, but because feminism seeks gender equality, bell hooks, among other feminists, has argued that men's liberation is a necessary part of feminism, and that men are also harmed by sexism and gender roles.^[18] * 4 Feminism and sexuality * 5 Feminism and science * 6 Feminist culture + 9.1 Pro-feminism + 9.2 Anti-feminism Main article: Feminist theory Feminist theory is the extension of feminism into theoretical or philosophy.^[23]^[24] Feminist theory aims to understand gender relations, much of feminist theory also focuses on the promotion of women's rights and interests. Themes explored in feminist theory development of feminist theory as having three phases. The first she calls "feminist critique", in which the feminist reader examines the This was paralled in the 1970s by French feminists, who developed the concept of écriture féminine (which translates as female, or feminine phallocentric and along with other French feminists such as Luce exercise.^[26] The work of the feminist psychoanalyst and philosopher, Julia Kristeva, has influenced feminist theory in general and feminist Wright points out, "none of these French feminists align themselves with the feminist movement as it appeared in the Anglophone For more details on the many feminist movements, see Feminist movements Many overlapping feminist movements and ideologies have developed over Some branches of feminism closely track the political leanings of the environment. Liberal feminism seeks individualistic equality of men and of society. Radical feminism considers the male-controlled capitalist feminism is conservative relative to the society in which it resides. Libertarian feminism conceives of people as self-owners and therefore feminism does not support heterosexual relationships. Lesbian feminism is thus closely related. Other feminists criticize separatist feminism Rosemary Hennessy and Chrys Ingraham say that materialist feminisms women.^[30] Marxist feminism argues that capitalism is the root cause ideologies.^[31] Socialist feminism distinguishes itself from Marxist feminism by arguing that women's liberation can only be achieved by oppression.^[32] Anarcha-feminists believe that class struggle and Sara Ahmed argues that Black and Postcolonial feminisms pose a challenge "to some of the organizing premises of Western feminist thought."^[34] During much of its history, feminist movements and women of other races have proposed alternative feminisms.^[36] This feminisms.^[37] Womanism^[38]^[39] emerged after early feminist feminists argue that colonial oppression and Western feminism voiceless.^[11] Third-world feminism is closely related to postcolonial feminism.^[37] These ideas also correspond with ideas in African feminism, motherism,^[40] Stiwanism,^[41] negofeminism,^[42] femalism, transnational feminism, and Africana womanism.^[43] In the late twentieth century various feminists began to argue that histories.^[46] Post-structural feminism draws on the philosophies of discourse.^[47] Postmodern feminists also emphasize the social however as Pamela Abbot et al. note, a postmodern approach to feminism Riot grrrl (or riot grrl) is an underground feminist punk movement that started in the 1990s and is often associated with third-wave feminism. Riot grrrl's emphasis on universal female identity and separatism often appears more closely allied with second-wave feminism than with the Lipstick feminism is a cultural feminist movement that attempts to respond to the backlash of second-wave radical feminism of the 1960s and 1970s by reclaiming symbols of "feminine" identity such as make-up, Main article: Feminist art movement The feminist art movement refers to the efforts and accomplishments of feminists internationally to make art that reflects women's lives and general developments within feminism, and often including such Angeles, described the feminist art movement as "the most influential Feminist Suffrage Parade in New York City, 6 May 1912. Main article: History of feminism Depending on historical moment, culture and country, feminists around the world have had different causes and goals. Most western feminist should be considered feminist movements, even when they did not (or do feminist movement and its descendants. Those historians use the label The history of the modern western feminist movements is divided into same feminist issues. The first wave comprised women's suffrage failures of second-wave feminism, beginning in the 1990s.^[66] First-wave feminism was a period of activity during the nineteenth women's suffrage, though some feminists were active in campaigning for the United States, first-wave feminism is considered to have ended with western movements after the term second-wave feminism began to be used to describe a newer feminist movement that focused as much on fighting Days' Reform, Chinese feminists called for women's liberation from In 1899, Qasim Amin, considered the "father" of Arab feminism, wrote women.^[80] Hoda Shaarawi founded the Egyptian Feminist Union in 1923, movement. Arab feminism was closely connected with Arab according to social classes.^[84] During the baby boom period, feminism an existentialist view on many of the questions of feminism with the book expressed feminists' sense of injustice. Second-wave feminism is a feminist movement beginning in the early 1960s^[86] and continuing to the present; as such, it coexists with third-wave feminism. Second wave feminism is largely concerned with issues of equality other than Second-wave feminists see women's cultural and political inequalities power structures. The feminist activist and author Carol Hanisch coined Second and third-wave feminism in China has been characterized by a feminism", which outlawed discrimination based on gender and granted women's suffrage, but also blocked political activism by feminist activists proposed a new feminist movement, Islamic feminism, which countries such as Nicaragua, where feminist ideology during the In the early 1990s in the USA, third-wave feminism began as a response feminism seeks to challenge or avoid what it deems the second wave's essentialist definitions of femininity, which, they argue, Third-wave feminists often focus on "micro-politics" and challenge the sexuality.^[67]^[92]^[93]^[94] Feminist leaders rooted in the second feminists, sought to negotiate a space within feminist thought for Since the 1980s standpoint feminists have argued that the feminist prostitution) and culturally specific issues (such as female genital domination."^[96]^[97] Third-wave feminism also contains internal debates between difference feminists, who believe that there are The term post-feminism is used to describe a range of viewpoints reacting to feminism since the 1980s. While not being "anti-feminist", post-feminists believe that women have achieved second wave goals while being critical of third wave feminist goals. The term was first used to describe a backlash against second-wave feminism, but it is now a label feminist discourses and includes challenges to the second wave's ideas.^[26] Other post-feminists say that feminism is no longer post-feminist texts which emerged in the 1980s and 1990s portrayed second-wave feminism as a monolithic entity.^[100] Feminism and sexuality accepted lesbianism and bisexuality as part of feminism.^[101] As a result, a significant proportion of feminists favoured this view, within acrimonious feminist debates known as the feminist sex wars. Opinions on the sex industry are diverse. Feminists are generally be a medium of feminist expression and a means of women taking control For more details on this topic, see Feminist sex wars. See also: Anti-pornography#Feminist objections and Sex-positive feminism The "Feminist Sex Wars" is a term for the acrimonious debates within the feminist movement in the late 1970s through the 1980s around the issues of feminism, sexuality, sexual representation, pornography, other sexual issues. The debate pitted anti-pornography feminism against sex-positive feminism, and parts of the feminist movement were Main article: Feminist views on prostitution Feminists' views on prostitution vary, but many of these perspectives work.^[107] Anti-prostitution feminists are strongly opposed to Feminists who hold such views on prostitution include Kathleen Barry, Other feminists hold that prostitution and other forms of sex work can feminists should support sex worker activism against abuses by both the feminist stances was particularly contentious, and may be comparable to the feminist sex wars of the late twentieth century.^[115] Feminism and science For more details on this topic, see Feminist epistemology. natural worlds."^[116] Some feminists, such as Ruth Hubbard and Evelyn the feminist research agenda is the examination of the ways in which Lynn Hankinson Nelson notes that feminist empiricists argue that there experience.^[120] Other feminist scientists eschew objectivity in favor of the feminist research agenda is the uncovering of ways in which One criticism of feminist epistemology is that it allows social and points out that feminist epistemology reinforces traditional Modern feminist science challenges the biological essentialist view of Feminist culture Main article: Feminism in culture also come about, leading to feminism in modern architecture. Piyush According to the Tate Collection, feminist art can "be defined as art feminist art theory since about 1970."^[54] Octavia Butler, award-winning feminist science fiction author. The feminist movement produced both feminist fiction and non-fiction, early period of feminist literary scholarship was given over to the "female gothic"^[133] or women's science fiction. important vehicles for feminist thought, particularly as bridges between theory and practice."^[134] Feminist science fiction is The Female Man (1970), Octavia Butler's Kindred (1979) and Margaret expression of the second-wave feminist movement^[137] as well as the Feminism became a principal concern of musicologists in the concepts of canon, genius, genre and periodization from a feminist Feminism had complex interactions with the major political movements of Since the late nineteenth century some feminists have allied with leadership. Radical Women is the oldest socialist feminist organization fighting on the front and clashed with the anarcha-feminist Mujeres Like socialism, fascism has been prescribed dubious stances on feminism groups such as the fasci femminilli and only partly realized in 1925, Cyprian Blamires states that although feminists were among those who opposed the rise of Adolf Hitler, feminism has a complicated female supporters as well as women's groups. While Nazis glorified feminism,^[148] and after the rise of Nazism in Germany in 1933, there opportunities that feminists had fought for during the prewar period towards feminism and advocates that women accept "their traditional The civil rights movement has influenced and informed the feminist movement and vice versa. Many Western feminists adapted the language argued that feminism was predominantly white and middle class, and did criticisms created new feminist social theories about the intersections of racism, classism, and sexism, and new feminisms, such as black feminism and Chicana feminism.^[151]^[152] Main article: Feminist effects on society The feminist movement has effected change in Western society, including Some feminist campaigning also helped reform attitudes to child sexual See also: Feminist theology and Gender of God Feminist theology is a movement that reconsiders the traditions, practices, scriptures, and theologies of religions from a feminist perspective. Some of the goals of feminist theology include increasing Christian feminism is a branch of feminist theology which seeks to beliefs among Christian feminists, most agree that ^[186] Many male feminists and pro-feminists are active in both women's rights activism, feminist theory, and masculinity studies. However, some argue that while male engagement with feminism is necessary, it is gender relations.^[187] The consensus today in feminist and masculinity larger goals of feminism.^[179] Different groups of people have responded to feminism, and both men and university students, for both men and women, support for feminist ideas feminist.^[188]^[189]^[190] The US media tends to portray feminism negatively and feminists "are less often associated with day-to-day self-identified feminists and to discussions relating to various forms of feminism, their own self-identification with feminism Pro-feminism Main article: Pro-feminism Pro-feminism is the support of feminism without implying that the supporter is a member of the feminist movement. The term is most often used in reference to men who are actively supportive of feminism. The activities of pro-feminist men's groups include anti-violence work with perpetrators of violence. Pro-feminist men also are involved in men's feminists and women's services, such as domestic violence and rape Anti-feminism Main article: Anti-feminism Anti-feminism is opposition to feminism in some or all of its In the nineteenth century, anti-feminism was mainly focused on physical burden on women. Other anti-feminists opposed women's entry Some people have opposed feminism on the grounds that they believe it anti-feminists argue, for example, that social acceptance of divorce society should be maintained.^[198]^[199]^[200] Other anti-feminists feminism, though they identify as feminists. They argue, for example, that feminism often promotes misandry and the elevation of women's interests above men's, and criticize radical feminist positions as argue that the term "anti-feminist" is used to silence academic debate about feminism.^[204] Portal icon Feminism portal * Index of feminism articles * Feminism in the United States * Feminist art movement * Feminist Majority Foundation * Feminist movement * Feminist therapy * History of feminism * Feminist economics 1. ^ "Feminism â Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/feminism. Retrieved 12 2. ^ "Definition of feminism noun from Cambridge Dictionary Online: http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/feminism. 3. ^ Goldstein 1982, p.92.Goldstein, L (1982). "Early Feminist Themes 4. ^ Dutch feminist pioneer Mina Kruseman in a letter to Alexandre 5. ^ Offen, Karen. "Les origines des mots 'feminisme' et 'feministe'". 6. ^ Cott, Nancy F. The Grounding of Modern Feminism. New Haven: Yale 9. ^ ^a ^b Chodorow, Nancy (1989). Feminism and Psychoanalytic Theory. 11. ^ ^a ^b Weedon Chris (2002). "Key Issues in Postcolonial Feminism: ostcolonial-feminism-a-western-perspective/. 12. ^ ^a ^b ^c Butler, Judith (March 1992). "Feminism in Any Other 13. ^ ^a ^b ^c Messer-Davidow, Ellen (2002). Disciplining Feminism: 14. ^ ^a ^b ^c Echols, Alice (1989). Daring to Be Bad: Radical Feminism 15. ^ Cornell, Drucilla (1998). At the Heart of Freedom: Feminism, Sex, 17. ^ ^a ^b Price, Janet; Shildrick, Margrit (1999). Feminist Theory 18. ^ ^a ^b ^c bell hooks (2000), Feminism is for Everybody: Passionate classical myth and feminist thought. Oxford: Oxford University 21. ^ Pollock, Griselda (2007). Encounters in the Virtual Feminist Ferns, T., and Van Ormer, A.). (1997). Feminist theory and the future of feminist psychology: Education, research, and art practices, philosophy and feminist understandings. Aldershot, 25. ^ Showalter, Elaine (1979). "Towards a Feminist Poetics". In 29. ^ Biehl, Janet (1991). Rethinking Eco-Feminist Politics. Boston: 30. ^ Hennessy, Rosemary; Chrys Ingraham (1997). Materialist feminism: 32. ^ Barbara Ehrenreich. "What is Socialist Feminism?". feministezine.com. http://www.feministezine.com/feminist/modern/Socialist-Feminism.htm 34. ^ Ahmed, Sarta (2000). Transformations: thinking through feminism. 36. ^ ^a ^b Hill Collins, P. (2000). Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Traditions, and Third-World Feminism. New York: Routledge. Contemporary Black Female Novel in English". Signs: Journal of Alternative to Feminism. Afa Publ.. p. 144. ISBN 978-31997-1-4. 42. ^ Nnaemeka, Obioma (1995). "Feminism, Rebellious Women, and 44. ^ ^a ^b Butler, Judith (1999). Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Feminism: A Plea for the Nineties", Philosophy of Education 1 (2): 47. ^ Randall, Vicky (2010). "'Feminism'". In Marsh, David; Stoker, Introduction to Sociology: Feminist Perspectives (2nd ed.). London: 49. ^ Rowe-Finkbeiner, Kristin (2004). The F-Word: Feminism In Revolutions from within". Signs 23 (Feminisms and Youth Cultures): 51. ^ Code, Lorraine (2004). Encyclopedia of Feminist Theories. London: 53. ^ Hollows, Joanne; Moseley, Rachel (2006). Feminism in popular 54. ^ ^a ^b "Tate Collection Glossary "Feminist art"". 55. ^ ^a ^b Blake Gopnik (22 April 2007). "What Is Feminist Art?". The 56. ^ Hoban, Phoebe (December 2009). "The Feminist Evolution". ARTnews. http://www.artnews.com/2009/12/01/the-feminist-evolution/. 58. ^ Lerner, Gerda (1993). The Creation of Feminist Consciousness From 59. ^ Walters, Margaret (2005). Feminism: A very short introduction. 61. ^ Witt, Charlotte (2006). "Feminist History of Philosophy". http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/feminism-femhist/index.html. 62. ^ Allen, Ann Taylor (1999). "Feminism, Social Science, and the 64. ^ Humm, Maggie. 1995. The Dictionary of Feminist Theory. Columbus: Feminism: From Suffragettes to Grrls". Gender Communication History of Feminism and the Future of Women. Ballantine Books. 77. ^ Ma, Yuxin (2010). Women journalists and feminism in China, 79. ^ ^a ^b Dooling, Amy D. (2005). Women's literary feminism in premières femmes au Gouvernement (France, 1936â1981)" (in French). 86. ^ Whelehan, Imelda (1995). Modern feminist thought: from the second wave to 'post-feminism'. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 88. ^ Badran, Margot (1996). Feminists, Islam, and nation: gender and 89. ^ Smith, Bonnie G. (2000). Global feminisms since 1945. Psychology 90. ^ "International Congress on Islamic Feminism". http://feminismeislamic.org/home/. Retrieved 12 June 2011. conflict and third-wave feminism. Bloomington: Indiana University Third wave feminism: a critical exploration. Basingstoke: Palgrave Feminist, Doing Feminism. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota 96. ^ Hill Collins, P. (2000). Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, 97. ^ Harding, Sandra (2003). The Feminist Standpoint Theory Reader: 99. ^ Modleski, Tania (1991). Feminism without women: culture and 100. ^ Jones, Amelia (1994). "Postfeminism, Feminist Pleasures, and Raven, Arlene. New Feminist Criticism: Art, Identity, Action. New class, and the feminist imagination: a socialist-feminist reader. feminism and the rewriting of American sexual thought, 1920 to liberals and the attack on feminism. New York: Pergamon Press. 106. ^ Vance, Carole S.. Pleasure and Danger: Exploring Female 107. ^ O'Neill, Maggie (2001). Prostitution and Feminism. Cambridge: 115. ^ Alexander, Priscilla (1997). "Feminism, Sex Workers and Human Rights". In Nagle, Jill. Whores and Other Feminists. New York: 116. ^ Harding, Sandra (1989). "'Is Therea Feminist Method'". In Nancy Tuana. Feminism & Science. Indianna University Press. p. 17. Feminist Empiricism. Temple University Press. p. 30. 122. ^ Hankinson Nelson, Lynn (1997). Feminism, Science, and the 123. ^ Anderson, Elizabeth, (2011). Edward N. Zalta. ed. "Feminist http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/feminism-epistemology/. Retrieved 124. ^ Code, Lorraine (2000). Encyclopedia of feminist theories. Taylor (1990). The feminist companion to literature in English: women Female Gothic (Montreal: Eden Press, 1983) and Gary Kelly, ed., Varieties of Female Gothic 6 Vols. (London: Pickering & Chatto, 134. ^ Helford, Elyce Rae (2005). "Feminist Science Fiction". In Gary 140. ^ "Rossi, Elisabetta. L'emancipazione femminile in Russia prima e 142. ^ Badia, Gilbert (1994). Zetkin. Femminista senza frontiere. 144. ^ The Radical Women Manifesto: Socialist Feminist Theory, Program 150. ^ Code, Lorraine (2000). "civil rights". Encyclopedia of feminist 151. ^ Roth, Benita (2004). Separate roads to feminism: Black, Chicana, and White feminist movements in America's second wave. Cambridge 152. ^ Winddance Twine, France; Blee, Kathleen M. (2001). Feminism and 154. ^ "FROM SUFFRAGE TO WOMEN'S LIBERATION: FEMINISM IN TWENTIETH http://www.jofreeman.com/feminism/suffrage.htm. 163. ^ Bundesen, Lynne. The Feminine Spirit: Recapturing the Heart of 165. ^ Anderson, Pamela Sue; Clack, Beverley (2004). Feminist feminism: what's in a name?". Congress on Islamic Feminism". feminismeislamic.org. Archived from http://web.archive.org/web/20080509121200/http://www.feminismeislam 168. ^ Plaskow, Judith (2003). "Jewish Feminist Thought". In Frank, feminist theory. Columbia University Press. 181. ^ Tong, Rosemarie Putnam (1998). Feminist Thought: A More 182. ^ Harv. Women's L.J. 107 (1978) Fathers' Rights and Feminism: The 184. ^ Feminism for Men: Legal Ideology and the Construction of 185. ^ Digby, Tom (1998). Men Doing Feminism. New York: Routledge. ISBN 187. ^ Jardine, Alice, Paul Smith, Men in feminism , ISBN 0-415-90251-7 Means when Women Say, 'I'm Not a Feminist, but ...'". Psychology of of college women toward feminism". Sex Roles 16 (5â6): 265â77. Feminists and Feminism in News and Public Affairs Programs in U.S. "Effects of Stereotypes About Feminists on Feminist threat to feminist identification: An application of personal 194. ^ Lingard, Bob; Douglas, Peter (1999). Men Engaging Feminisms: Pro-Feminism, Backlashes and Schooling. Buckingham, England: Open Pro-Feminist Men in the United States, 1776â1990: A Documentary 196. ^ "Anti-feminist". The Oxford English Dictionary (2nd ed.). 1989. women, sex, and feminism. Regnery Publishing. 199. ^ Kassian, Mary A. (2005). The feminist mistake: the radical impact of feminism on church and culture. Crossway. 201. ^ Gottfried, Paul (2001). "The Trouble With Feminism". Lew 203. ^ Sommers, Christina Hoff (1995). Who Stole Feminism?: How Women 204. ^ Patai, Daphne; Noretta Koertge. Professing Feminism: Education * Goodman, Robin Truth (2010). Feminist Theory in Pursuit of the Happiness': Women's Work, Social Work, and Feminist Reform * Stansell, Christine (2010). The Feminist Promise: 1792 to the * "Interface volume 3 issue 2: Feminism, women's movements and women feminism-womens-movements-and-women-in-movement/. Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Feminism Look up feminism or feminist in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Feminism * Feminism on In Our Time at the BBC. (listen now) * "Feminism". Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921. * Wikisource-logo.svg "Feminism". Encyclopedia Americana. 1920. * Feminist.com directory * Topics in Feminism, at the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy * Feminist Perspectives Scale from Henley, Meng, O'Brien, McCarthy, Feminism * Femininity * Feminist history * History of feminism * French feminism theory * Feminism in culture * Pro-feminism * Anti-feminism * Femicide * Feminist psychology * Feminists by nationality * Feminists * Conservative feminisms * Feminist rhetoricians Portal:Feminism Feminism portal * Feminism "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Feminism&oldid=536262217" * Feminism