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          + 1. Money in the Making of Humanity
          + 3. Capitalism: Making Money with Money
          + 6. The Changing Character of Money
          + 7. The Future of Money and the Market
          + Money: One Anthropologist’s View
          + Money in an Unequal World
          + Intangible Money Matters
          + Money in an Unequal World; LETS and Me
3. Capitalism: Making Money with Money
   Markets are networks of buyers and sellers using money to exchange
   participate is something to sell or the money to buy. Moreover, the
   spend money can hardly be said to be democratic, when some people have
   so much more of it than others. Owners of lots of money, capitalists
   leading to that alliance between money and bureaucracy which I call
   ideology promising a society which would get rid of money altogether
   political and economic bureaucracies, as well as on machines and money,
   for money instruments. The communications revolution seems to have
   relationship between money, markets and political power in the modern
   mechanisation has been dominated by money capital in several successive
   as an age of money which left humanity suspended uneasily between a
   between markets and money in such a future underpins the division which
   control over the yields of the land, money capital and human
   capitalism, a world where digitalised exchanges of money and services
   at distance has ushered in a growing detachment of the money circuit
   the owners of money and landed power. In general, these chapters cast
   The age of money
   now; for no such thing as Money was any where known. Find out something
   that hath the use and value of money amongst his neighbours, you shall
   of the past and a bridge to a better future. Its main feature is money
   broadly the same in either case. What varies is whether money is taken
   money in human history. Certainly Marx’s idea of an economic democracy
   hoarding more goods than they needed for their own immediate use. Money
   origin of property in the state of nature and that of money in society
   labour theory of value) and found the source of money in “fancy”, an
   corruption, money was the central plank of Locke’s political project.
   meant acknowledging that money was little more than the creature of
   government policy, in the words of Barbon’s famous dictum, “money is a
   corresponding to the state of nature, an age of money and arbitrary
   framed his analysis and proposals as human universals. Money had to be
   person to shape. Money got humanity out of a state of nature and it had
   driven by money and lacking adequate political safeguards for the mass
   in Locke’s day, it has become the epitome of the age of money for us.
   Just as Locke confronted arbitrary state power, a money system running
   the mid-19th century money itself, in the form of capital used to
   of these primitive social forms and money succeeded God as the
   Since for Marx money was more or less synonymous with the contradictory
   money, to be part of human nature. He takes off from an example of two
   ratio of 2 to 1. [4] Money arises in stages as a way of making these
   what he wants. Money starts out as a commodity, such as cattle, salt or
   Unlike Locke, who believed that the appearance of money by itself
   of money through profit. Finance and merchant capital, money-making
   industrial capital, the use of money to hire wage labour, was recent
   money and markets into the bulk of production was the distinctive
   money to exploit their workers in ways analogous to feudalism. The
   in money.
   say that he was as hostile to money and markets as he was to the
   agriculture etc). Indeed, by accepting Smith’s origin myth of money in
   money had unleashed mechanisation and the means of social mobilisation
   century remained hostile to money and markets, preferring to rely on
   celebration of capitalism in the West. The age of money was vindicated
   we today and how do we place ourselves in relation to money, the key
   system of making money with money, which has changed its form in the
   Capitalism is above all that combination of money and machines whose
   tends to be measured in a universal equivalent, that is, money. So the
   essence of capital is that it is wealth (usually money in some form)
   nowadays notably machines) and identification with the kind of money
   implying an amount of money which grows through accumulating interest.
   money with money. As a keyword of our civilisation, capital reflects
   as money. Most modern economists, however, equate capital with, in one
   economy where money wealth comes most reliably from investment in
   example) and the broader usage tends to confuse money and machines by
   between production and the circuit of money, as Marx’s dialectic can.
   which the owners of large amounts of money get to direct the most
   to the amounts of money they already have. Competitive markets for
   most reliable way of making money with money lay in raising the
   money what is surplus to requirements in order to buy what one wants.
   second, M-C-M’, where M’> M, starts with money and has the aim of
   realising more money through participation in the market as a
   Figure 3.1 Two Circuits of Commodities and Money
   Commodities ——— Money ——— Commodities
   Money ——— Commodities ——— More Money
   circuit. The first two are as old as markets and money: financial
   capital (M-M’) where profit takes the form of interest on money lent;
   selling minus handling costs. In both cases the source of the money
   penetration of money capital into production, whether that be
   then, modern capitalism was that form of making money with money in
   this history. So where did the money come from to finance industrial
   physical output, labour services or, occasionally, a money equivalent.
   affecting money and exchange in our times, as we will see.
   So far the story upholds Marx’s focus on the exchange of money for land
   The system of making money with money, capitalism, also has a personal
   money as against meeting social obligations worried many people in the
   who would not consume whatever money they generated: so that close
   drawn between “clean” and “dirty” money and this entered into moral
   eggs and gifts of money before receiving permission. Trade was brisk:
   trusted by all of them. They knew that I was there for the money,
   subverted by a general shortage of money which pushed people into
   approach to money (4).
   Money is available in English. [l]
   [2] Locke’s own quantity theory of money predicts that a lower supply
   or velocity of money would reduce market demand and prices. But his
   money in this practical way.
   civilisations to grant control of the money complex to pariah
   [8] The Latin for money, pecunia, is derived from pecus, livestock.
   [10] C = commodity: M = money; M’ = m prime (more money).
   from these arrests were money for bribes and, on one occasion,
   John Locke’s Philosophy of Money, Autonomedia, New York, 1989, p. 92
   Mouton, Paris, 1964; C. Meillassoux Maidens, Meal and Money: capitalism
       The two great memory banks are language and money. Exchange of
       meanings through language and of objects through money are now
          + The anthropology of money and finance: from ethnography to
          + Money