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- Ligne n°84 : CORE THEMES:
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- Ligne n°97 : Can Patriotism Be Compassionate?
- Ligne n°98 :
- Ligne n°99 : By Jeremy Adam Smith | July 2, 2013 | 0 comments
- Ligne n°100 :
- Ligne n°101 : Feeling ambivalent about the Fourth of July? New psychological research
- Ligne n°102 : points to how we can feel authentic pride for our country—and still be
- Ligne n°103 : citizens of the world.
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- Ligne n°117 :
- Ligne n°118 :
- Ligne n°119 :
- Ligne n°120 : “I don’t mean love, when I say patriotism,” writes Ursula K. Le Guin in
- Ligne n°121 : her classic 1969 novel The Left Hand of Darkness. “I mean fear. The
- Ligne n°122 : fear of the other. And its expressions are political, not poetical:
- Ligne n°123 : hate, rivalry, aggression.”
- Ligne n°124 :
- Ligne n°125 : In some corners, patriotism has a bad name. “Patriot” is mildly defined
- Ligne n°126 : in my desktop dictionary as a “supporter of one’s own country”—and yet
- Ligne n°127 : my thesaurus suggests the word “patriotism” can be synonymous with
- Ligne n°128 : jingoism, chauvinism, nativism, and xenophobia. Particularly during
- Ligne n°129 : times of war, patriotism does indeed seem to go hand-in-hand with
- Ligne n°130 : dehumanization of outsiders, as well as intolerance of internal
- Ligne n°131 : dissent.
- Ligne n°132 : LIFE magazine
- Ligne n°133 :
- Ligne n°134 : But that’s not the whole story. Patriotism also drives people to
- Ligne n°135 : extremes of altruism and self-sacrifice on behalf of the homeland—as
- Ligne n°136 : the cliché has it, war brings out the best and worst in human beings.
- Ligne n°137 : Shared support for a country strengthens social bonds among its
- Ligne n°138 : citizens and provides an incubator in which trust and compassion can
- Ligne n°139 : grow among them.
- Ligne n°140 :
- Ligne n°141 : Thus patriotism helps tie us together within national borders, but
- Ligne n°142 : there’s a catch: It seems to diminish our ability to see the humanity
- Ligne n°143 : in citizens of other nations. That’s why national holidays like the
- Ligne n°144 : Fourth of July always present me—and many windmill-tilting idealists
- Ligne n°145 : who’d like to foster peace and cross-group understanding—with a Gordian
- Ligne n°146 : knot: We feel forced to choose between country and humanity.
- Ligne n°147 :
- Ligne n°148 : But does that have to be the case? Can one celebrate the Fourth of July
- Ligne n°149 : without hating and fearing other countries? The short answer to the
- Ligne n°150 : second question is yes… probably. In fact, when the Greater Good
- Ligne n°151 : Science Center analyzed the results of its “connection to humanity”
- Ligne n°152 : quiz, we found plenty of people who identified with both country and
- Ligne n°153 : humanity. They are not mutually exclusive.
- Ligne n°154 :
- Ligne n°155 : Indeed, so far the research literature suggests that the problem is not
- Ligne n°156 : with patriotism itself. Human beings are built to be part of groups,
- Ligne n°157 : but groups do not have to be self-focused and belligerent. New
- Ligne n°158 : psychological research points to how we can feel authentic pride for
- Ligne n°159 : our country—and still be citizens of the world.
- Ligne n°160 :
- Ligne n°161 : Why does patriotism exist?
- Ligne n°162 :
- Ligne n°163 : In his 2012 book The Righteous Mind, moral psychologist Jonathan Haidt
- Ligne n°164 : argues that morality arises from intuitions, not reasoning, and that
- Ligne n°165 : our intuitions rest upon six foundations, which he defines as a series
- Ligne n°166 : of binary opposites like Care/Harm; Fairness/Cheating;
- Ligne n°167 : Loyalty/Betrayal; and Authority/Subversion.
- Ligne n°168 : Jonathan Haidt, author of <a
- Ligne n°169 : href=“http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0307455777/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UT
- Ligne n°170 : F8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=0307455777&linkCode=as2&tag=g
- Ligne n°171 : regooscicen-20”><em>The Righteous Mind</em></a> Jonathan Haidt, author
- Ligne n°172 : of The Righteous Mind
- Ligne n°173 :
- Ligne n°174 : The values of the political Left, he says, derive mainly from the
- Ligne n°175 : foundations of Care and Fairness—while conservatives tend to more
- Ligne n°176 : highly value Loyalty. This makes “patriotism” a special property of the
- Ligne n°177 : Right.
- Ligne n°178 :
- Ligne n°179 : To define the Loyalty foundation, Haidt describes a classic 1954
- Ligne n°180 : experiment by social psychologist Muzafer Sherif, who pitted two groups
- Ligne n°181 : of 12-year-old boys against each other in an effort to understand how
- Ligne n°182 : collective identities are formed. The boys quickly forged tribal
- Ligne n°183 : micro-cultures and “destroyed each other’s flags, raided and vandalized
- Ligne n°184 : each other’s bunks, called each other nasty names, made weapons….”
- Ligne n°185 :
- Ligne n°186 : When morality rests upon the Loyalty foundation, says Haidt, right is
- Ligne n°187 : anything that builds and defends the tribe; wrong is anything that
- Ligne n°188 : undermines it. Thus violence against members of the other tribe is
- Ligne n°189 : moral, and betrayal of one’s own tribe is the worst crime of all. That
- Ligne n°190 : sounds terrible to people whose morality rests upon Care and
- Ligne n°191 : Fairness—and the reason why, for example, conservatives vilify
- Ligne n°192 : whistleblower Edward Snowden while many liberals hail him as a hero.
- Ligne n°193 :
- Ligne n°194 : But Haidt argues the Loyalty foundation has deep evolutionary roots and
- Ligne n°195 : cannot be wished away by those who prefer Care as a basis for morality.
- Ligne n°196 : Humans have always had to band together to survive and thrive, and
- Ligne n°197 : bonding with some seems to naturally involve excluding others.
- Ligne n°198 :
- Ligne n°199 : This is true down to a neurochemical level. Oxytocin, for example, has
- Ligne n°200 : been nicknamed the “love hormone” for its role in bonding people with
- Ligne n°201 : each other. But what’s less well known is that oxytocin plays a role
- Ligne n°202 : in excluding others from that bond. One 2011 study found that Dutch
- Ligne n°203 : students dosed with oxytocin were “more likely to favor Dutch people or
- Ligne n°204 : things associated with the Dutch than when they had taken a placebo.”
- Ligne n°205 : Furthermore, they were more likely to say “they would sacrifice the
- Ligne n°206 : life of a non-Dutch person over a Dutch person in order to save five
- Ligne n°207 : other people of unknown nationality.” We can just as well call oxytocin
- Ligne n°208 : the “patriotism hormone”!
- Ligne n°209 :
- Ligne n°210 : This is only one example of how our bodies are seemingly built for
- Ligne n°211 : group cohesion and loyalty—which makes traits like patriotism an
- Ligne n°212 : intractable part of human psychology.
- Ligne n°213 :
- Ligne n°214 : Even liberals and radicals who imagine themselves to be above tribal
- Ligne n°215 : squabbling can be easily observed exhibiting the same behaviors as the
- Ligne n°216 : 12-year-old boys in Muzafer Sherif’s experiment. When I was an
- Ligne n°217 : undergraduate student activist, I thought nothing of defacing the
- Ligne n°218 : posters and banners of the campus “White Student Union.”
- Ligne n°219 :
- Ligne n°220 : I still think the agenda of that group was repulsive—and it’s worth
- Ligne n°221 : noting that Haidt’s research into political difference grew out of
- Ligne n°222 : research into feelings of disgust—but I now realize that my actions
- Ligne n°223 : followed an unconscious, evolutionary script. I wasn’t promoting a
- Ligne n°224 : higher ideal; I was just trashing the other team, largely because I
- Ligne n°225 : enjoyed the self-satisfied shot of dopamine I got when I spray-painted
- Ligne n°226 : “RASCISM SUX” on one of their banners. My friends cheered me on; I was
- Ligne n°227 : strengthening bonds within my tribe by committing an anti-social act of
- Ligne n°228 : vandalism against another tribe.
- Ligne n°229 :
- Ligne n°230 : Four paths to a more compassionate patriotism
- Ligne n°231 :
- Ligne n°232 : So is there a solution? Or are we simply doomed to follow these
- Ligne n°233 : scripts?
- Ligne n°234 :
- Ligne n°235 : In her 2011 essay, “Teaching Patriotism: Love and Critical Freedom,”
- Ligne n°236 : the philosopher Martha C. Nussbaum argues that while there are many
- Ligne n°237 : dangers inherent in teaching patriotism, we still “need patriotic
- Ligne n°238 : emotion to motivate projects that require transcending self-interest.”
- Ligne n°239 : Just as strong attachment to parents can serve as a template for
- Ligne n°240 : healthy relationships throughout life, so secure attachment to one’s
- Ligne n°241 : nation can give us the confidence to respect other people’s countries.
- Ligne n°242 :
- Ligne n°243 : Nussbaum searches American history for leaders who were able to build a
- Ligne n°244 : more compassionate, cosmopolitan patriotism, as when Martin Luther
- Ligne n°245 : King, Jr., argued in 1967 that opposing war is the “privilege and the
- Ligne n°246 : burden of all of us who deem ourselves bound by allegiances and
- Ligne n°247 : loyalties which are broader and deeper than nationalism and which go
- Ligne n°248 : beyond our nation’s self-defined goals and positions.”
- Ligne n°249 :
- Ligne n°250 : Nussbaum draws on history and philosophy to make her case for a new
- Ligne n°251 : brand of patriotism, but does her argument cut against human nature, as
- Ligne n°252 : some allege? The answer is no—recent psychological research points to
- Ligne n°253 : many steps we can take to extend the legacy of King. As we celebrate
- Ligne n°254 : this Fourth of July, here are four for us to consider.
- Ligne n°255 :
- Ligne n°256 : 1. Make love of humanity an explicit goal.
- Ligne n°257 :
- Ligne n°258 : Evolution bequeathed to us a brain that is wired for connection to the
- Ligne n°259 : group, which is what makes patriotism such a two-edged sword, cleaving
- Ligne n°260 : “us” from “them.” And the brain is very, very good at spotting
- Ligne n°261 : differences in its environment, including racial differences. As the
- Ligne n°262 : essays in the Greater Good anthology Are We Born Racist? reveal, we
- Ligne n°263 : cannot stop ourselves to going into high alert when we encounter
- Ligne n°264 : something out of the ordinary or someone different from ourselves.
- Ligne n°265 :
- Ligne n°266 : Does this mean that prejudice and xenophobia are inevitable? No,
- Ligne n°267 : because the human brain is also adept at overcoming fear and adapting
- Ligne n°268 : itself to change. Study after study finds that repeated exposure to
- Ligne n°269 : other peoples and cultures erodes prejudice.
- Ligne n°270 :
- Ligne n°271 : The brain has one other advantage in the effort to transcend xenophobic
- Ligne n°272 : nationalism: It is goal oriented. If we tell ourselves—and tell our
- Ligne n°273 : kids—that extending compassion and forgiveness to people of other
- Ligne n°274 : countries is a worthwhile goal, “the brain can do that, though it may
- Ligne n°275 : take a bit of effort and practice,” as neuroscientist David Amodio
- Ligne n°276 : writes in his Greater Good essay about overcoming racism, “The
- Ligne n°277 : Egalitarian Brain” .
- Ligne n°278 :
- Ligne n°279 : Group formation and loyalty are indeed natural and supported by our
- Ligne n°280 : bodies, but we are also very well equipped to overcome our kneejerk
- Ligne n°281 : fears or prejudices. We just need to give ourselves opportunities for
- Ligne n°282 : reflection on our biases—and dedicate ourselves to overcoming them.
- Ligne n°283 :
- Ligne n°284 : 2. Teach that compassion and empathy are unlimited resources.
- Ligne n°285 :
- Ligne n°286 : The argument for a narrow, self-interested patriotism starts with the
- Ligne n°287 : idea that there is only so much good feeling to go around—and that
- Ligne n°288 : therefore we need to ration fellow-feeling for those closest to us.
- Ligne n°289 :
- Ligne n°290 : But more and more studies reveal that this premise is false. “In my
- Ligne n°291 : research, I have found that the limits of empathy are actually quite
- Ligne n°292 : malleable,” writes psychologist C. Daryl Cameron in “Can You Run Out of
- Ligne n°293 : Empathy?” His studies find that people will ration their empathy and
- Ligne n°294 : compassion for the in-group when they worry help for the out-group will
- Ligne n°295 : be too costly or ineffective. But, he explains:
- Ligne n°296 :
- Ligne n°297 : People’s expectations about empathy can have powerful effects on how
- Ligne n°298 : much empathy they feel, and for whom. Identification with all
- Ligne n°299 : humanity is an empirically documented individual difference that
- Ligne n°300 : predicts more empathic emotion and behavior. And research with
- Ligne n°301 : mindfulness interventions suggests that training people to approach,
- Ligne n°302 : rather than avoid, their emotional experiences can decrease fear of
- Ligne n°303 : empathy and increase pro-social behavior.
- Ligne n°304 :
- Ligne n°305 : In short, “The research so far says empathy isn’t a non-renewable
- Ligne n°306 : resource like oil. Empathy is more like wind or solar power, renewable
- Ligne n°307 : and sustainable.” Knowing this to be true is one of the steps that
- Ligne n°308 : allows people to extend their fellow feeling beyond their immediate
- Ligne n°309 : circles, to encompass a broader swath of humanity.
- Ligne n°310 :
- Ligne n°311 : 3. Extend self-compassion to America.
- Ligne n°312 :
- Ligne n°313 : Both liberals and conservatives would benefit from applying some
- Ligne n°314 : self-compassion to themselves as Americans.
- Ligne n°315 :
- Ligne n°316 : IFRAME: //www.youtube.com/embed/eBw_aEOT2Dk
- Ligne n°317 :
- Ligne n°318 : As a group, American liberals, progressives, and radicals tend to be
- Ligne n°319 : harsh with our own country—I say “our” because I count myself among
- Ligne n°320 : them. We decry our history of slavery and racism, the genocide of
- Ligne n°321 : Native Americans, wartime atrocities committed in our name, illegal
- Ligne n°322 : actions by intelligence agencies, and more. The most thoughtful and
- Ligne n°323 : self-conscious critics are aware that we are harsh in part because we
- Ligne n°324 : blame ourselves: we identify with our nation, take responsibility for
- Ligne n°325 : its worst actions, and are ashamed. That’s a valid manifestation of
- Ligne n°326 : patriotism, in my view—but one that can interfere with taking positive
- Ligne n°327 : action to make things better.
- Ligne n°328 :
- Ligne n°329 : Meanwhile, many rock-ribbed conservatives treat any criticism of
- Ligne n°330 : America as a personal blow to their self-esteem. “People who invest
- Ligne n°331 : their self-worth in feeling superior and infallible tend to get angry
- Ligne n°332 : and defensive when their status is threatened,” writes University of
- Ligne n°333 : Texas psychologist Kristin Neff, who could be describing the Bush
- Ligne n°334 : administration. Neff’s solution to both these psychological dilemmas is
- Ligne n°335 : self-compassion: “People who compassionately accept their imperfection,
- Ligne n°336 : however, no longer need to engage in such unhealthy behaviors to
- Ligne n°337 : protect their egos.”
- Ligne n°338 :
- Ligne n°339 : IFRAME: //www.youtube.com/embed/Uf6FJbc2vss
- Ligne n°340 :
- Ligne n°341 : As she writes in “Why Self-Compassion Trumps Self-Esteem”:
- Ligne n°342 :
- Ligne n°343 : As I’ve defined it, self-compassion entails three core components.
- Ligne n°344 : First, it requires self-kindness, that we be gentle and
- Ligne n°345 : understanding with ourselves rather than harshly critical and
- Ligne n°346 : judgmental. Second, it requires recognition of our common humanity,
- Ligne n°347 : feeling connected with others in the experience of life rather than
- Ligne n°348 : feeling isolated and alienated by our suffering. Third, it requires
- Ligne n°349 : mindfulness—that we hold our experience in balanced awareness,
- Ligne n°350 : rather than ignoring our pain or exaggerating it.
- Ligne n°351 :
- Ligne n°352 : For the Right, these are all qualities that could help build a kinder,
- Ligne n°353 : gentler, less defensive patriotism. For the Left, feelings of shame can
- Ligne n°354 : make us come down harshly on ourselves and our countrymen without also
- Ligne n°355 : recognizing our nation’s positive qualities—the values and
- Ligne n°356 : accomplishments that motivate us to connect with other Americans and
- Ligne n°357 : celebrate our shared identity. For both groups, research by Neff and
- Ligne n°358 : her colleagues finds that self-compassion actually leads to greater
- Ligne n°359 : compassion for others. If you know how to identify and address
- Ligne n°360 : suffering in yourself, you are better able to do the same for other
- Ligne n°361 : people.
- Ligne n°362 :
- Ligne n°363 : But will self-compassion reduce our will to change and challenge
- Ligne n°364 : injustice? Here, the research says absolutely not. “We think we need to
- Ligne n°365 : beat ourselves up if we make mistakes so that we won’t do it again,”
- Ligne n°366 : says Neff. “But that’s completely counterproductive. Self-criticism is
- Ligne n°367 : very strongly linked to depression. And depression is antithetical to
- Ligne n°368 : motivation: You’re unable to be motivated to change if you’re
- Ligne n°369 : depressed. It causes us to lose faith in ourselves, and that’s going to
- Ligne n°370 : make us less likely to try to change and conditions us for failure.”
- Ligne n°371 :
- Ligne n°372 : When we are compassionate with ourselves, however, we can admit that we
- Ligne n°373 : made a mistake—and then simply try to do better next time. That’s a
- Ligne n°374 : citizenship skill worth cultivating.
- Ligne n°375 :
- Ligne n°376 : 4. Embrace authentic, not hubristic, pride.
- Ligne n°377 :
- Ligne n°378 : More on Compassionate Patriotism
- Ligne n°379 :
- Ligne n°380 : Take our quiz to measure how much you love humanity.
- Ligne n°381 :
- Ligne n°382 : Learn how to increase your compassion bandwidth.
- Ligne n°383 :
- Ligne n°384 : Listen to this interview with Jonathan Haidt, and subscribe to Greater
- Ligne n°385 : Good's podcast series.
- Ligne n°386 :
- Ligne n°387 : Learn what your own moral foundations are at Jonathan Haidt's website,
- Ligne n°388 : www.yourmorals.org.
- Ligne n°389 :
- Ligne n°390 : Discover more Greater Good articles and videos about the science of
- Ligne n°391 : compassion and altruism.
- Ligne n°392 :
- Ligne n°393 : Pride is a natural emotional response to success and high social
- Ligne n°394 : status, but some forms of pride are healthier than others.
- Ligne n°395 :
- Ligne n°396 : Many recent studies have revealed the downside of what psychologists
- Ligne n°397 : call “hubristic pride,” which is associated with arrogance and
- Ligne n°398 : self-aggrandizement. As Claire E. Ashton-James and Jessica L. Tracy
- Ligne n°399 : write in their 2011 study of how pride influences our feelings about
- Ligne n°400 : other people, “Hubristic pride results from success that is attributed
- Ligne n°401 : to internal, stable, and uncontrollable causes (‘I did well because I’m
- Ligne n°402 : great’).”
- Ligne n°403 :
- Ligne n°404 : In contrast, “authentic pride results from success attributed to
- Ligne n°405 : internal, unstable, and controllable causes (‘I did well because I
- Ligne n°406 : worked hard’),” and is closely associated with feelings of
- Ligne n°407 : accomplishment and humility. Their experiments—as well as several
- Ligne n°408 : others by GGSC-affiliated scientists—have closely linked hubristic
- Ligne n°409 : pride to prejudice, impulsivity, and aggression. Authentic pride had
- Ligne n°410 : exactly the opposite effects, encouraging self-control, compassion for
- Ligne n°411 : others, and positive attitudes toward out-groups. Other research by UC
- Ligne n°412 : Berkeley’s Matt Goren and Victoria Plaut finds that the negative
- Ligne n°413 : effects of pride are mitigated if we are conscious of the power and
- Ligne n°414 : privilege granted by our status.
- Ligne n°415 :
- Ligne n°416 : So the challenge is fairly clear: to cultivate authentic,
- Ligne n°417 : power-cognizant pride among citizens of the United States. If we feel
- Ligne n°418 : pride, it should be in the accomplishments of our fellow citizens and
- Ligne n°419 : in any contributions we ourselves have made toward making our country
- Ligne n°420 : and community a better place, however small and local. Pride of simply
- Ligne n°421 : being born American leads to hubris, which leads to bigotry and
- Ligne n°422 : belligerence. For pride to be authentic, it must be something we feel
- Ligne n°423 : we have earned.
- Ligne n°424 :
- Ligne n°425 : The best American leaders have always made that distinction. We all
- Ligne n°426 : know this line from John F. Kennedy’s 1961 inaugural address: “Ask not
- Ligne n°427 : what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your
- Ligne n°428 : country.” But few seem to remember the next line: “My fellow citizens
- Ligne n°429 : of the world, ask not what America will do for you, but what together
- Ligne n°430 : we can do for the freedom of man.”
- Ligne n°431 :
- Ligne n°432 : The brutal Cold War context of these words is almost lost to us now,
- Ligne n°433 : but the higher ideals behind them are not ambiguous. Kennedy presented
- Ligne n°434 : himself as a patriot of the United States and as a citizen of the
- Ligne n°435 : world, seeing no contradiction. These words are, at root, an appeal for
- Ligne n°436 : authentic pride—citizenship as something that must be earned, in a
- Ligne n°437 : nation that is part of a community of nations. Those are ideals worth
- Ligne n°438 : celebrating on the Fourth of July.
- Ligne n°439 : Tracker Pixel for Entry
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- Ligne n°443 :
- Ligne n°444 : About The Author
- Ligne n°445 :
- Ligne n°446 : Jeremy Adam Smith is producer and editor of the Greater Good Science
- Ligne n°447 : Center’s website. He is also the author or coeditor of four books,
- Ligne n°448 : including The Daddy Shift, Rad Dad, and The Compassionate Instinct.
- Ligne n°449 : Before joining the GGSC, Jeremy was a 2010-11 John S. Knight Journalism
- Ligne n°450 : Fellow at Stanford University. You can follow him on Twitter!
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