Fichier de travail (INPUT) : ./DUMP-TEXT/1-1.txt
Encodage utilisé (INPUT) : utf-8
Forme recherchée : ( vie )|( life )|( vita )
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Ligne n°12 : ... general. Many other related questions include "Why are we here?", "What- Ligne n°13 : is life all about?", and "What is the purpose of existence?" or even
Ligne n°14 : "Does life exist at all?" There have been a large number of proposed ...
Ligne n°13 : ... is life all about?", and "What is the purpose of existence?" or even- Ligne n°14 : "Does life exist at all?" There have been a large number of proposed
Ligne n°15 : answers to these questions from many different cultural and ideological ...- Ligne n°21 : The meaning of life as we perceive it is derived from philosophical and
Ligne n°22 : religious contemplation of, and scientific inquiries about existence, ...
Ligne n°99 : ... + 7.7 To have power, to be better- Ligne n°100 : + 7.8 Life has no meaning
Ligne n°101 : + 7.9 One should not seek to know and understand the meaning of ...
Ligne n°102 : ... life- Ligne n°103 : + 7.10 Life is bad
Ligne n°104 : * 8 See also ...- Ligne n°110 : Questions about the meaning of life have been expressed in a broad
Ligne n°111 : variety of ways, including the following: ...
Ligne n°141 : ... anxiety. Scientific inquiry facilitates this through nomological- Ligne n°142 : investigation into various aspects of life and reality, such as the Big
Ligne n°143 : Bang, the origin of life, and evolution, and by studying the objective ...
Ligne n°149 : ... Researchers in positive psychology study empirical factors that lead to- Ligne n°150 : life satisfaction,^[15] full engagement in activities,^[16] making a
Ligne n°151 : fuller contribution by utilizing one's personal strengths,^[17] and ...
Ligne n°166 : ... ventral tegmental area in particular. If one believes that the meaning- Ligne n°167 : of life is to maximize pleasure and to ease general life, then this
Ligne n°168 : allows normative predictions about how to act to achieve this. ...
Ligne n°181 : ... and liberal ethics and how they may be based on different metaphors- Ligne n°182 : from family life such as strong fathers vs nurturing mother models.
- Ligne n°199 : Emerging research shows that meaning in life predicts better physical
Ligne n°200 : health outcomes. Greater meaning has been associated with a reduced ...
Ligne n°225 : ... agreement; Jeremy Griffith is a notable exception, maintaining that the- Ligne n°226 : meaning of life is to be integrative.^[27] Responding to an interview
Ligne n°227 : question from Richard Dawkins about "what it is all for", James Watson ...- Ligne n°231 : Though scientists have intensively studied life on Earth, defining life
Ligne n°232 : in unequivocal terms is still a challenge.^[29]^[30] Physically, one ...
Ligne n°232 : ... in unequivocal terms is still a challenge.^[29]^[30] Physically, one- Ligne n°233 : may say that life "feeds on negative entropy"^[27]^[31]^[32] which
Ligne n°234 : refers to the process by which living entities decrease their internal ...
Ligne n°238 : ... to maintain this organized state, metabolism serves to provide energy,- Ligne n°239 : and reproduction causes life to continue over a span of multiple
Ligne n°240 : generations. Typically, organisms are responsive to stimuli and genetic ...
Ligne n°249 : ... independent life. Astrobiology studies the possibility of different- Ligne n°250 : forms of life on other worlds, including replicating structures made
Ligne n°251 : from materials other than DNA. ...
Ligne n°270 : ... The ultimate fate of the universe, and implicitly humanity, is- Ligne n°271 : hypothesized as one in which biological life will eventually become
Ligne n°272 : unsustainable, such as through a Big Freeze, Big Rip, or Big Crunch. ...- Ligne n°330 : The most common definitions of meaning in life involves three
Ligne n°331 : components. First, Reker and Wong defined personal meaning as the ...
Ligne n°338 : ... understanding, responsibility, and enjoyment (PURE):- Ligne n°339 : 1. You need to choose a worthy purpose or a significant life goal.
Ligne n°340 : 2. You need to have sufficient understanding of who you are, what life ...
Ligne n°343 : ... you want to live, and what constitutes a significant and worthwhile- Ligne n°344 : life goal.
Ligne n°345 : 4. You will enjoy a deep sense of significance and satisfaction only ...
Ligne n°346 : ... when you have exercised your responsibility for self-determination- Ligne n°347 : and actively pursue a worthy life goal.
- Ligne n°352 : Although most psychology researchers consider meaning in life as a
Ligne n°353 : subjective feeling or judgment, most philosophers (e.g., Thaddeus Metz, ...
Ligne n°355 : ... criteria for what constitutes meaning in life.^[58]^[59] Wong has- Ligne n°356 : proposed that whether life is meaningful depends not only on subjective
Ligne n°357 : feelings but, more importantly, on whether a person's goal striving and ...
Ligne n°357 : ... feelings but, more importantly, on whether a person's goal striving and- Ligne n°358 : life as a whole is meaningful according to some objective normative
Ligne n°359 : standard.^[57] ...- Ligne n°363 : The philosophical perspectives on the meaning of life are those
Ligne n°364 : ideologies which explain life in terms of ideals or abstractions ...
Ligne n°363 : ... The philosophical perspectives on the meaning of life are those- Ligne n°364 : ideologies which explain life in terms of ideals or abstractions
Ligne n°365 : defined by humans. ...- Ligne n°386 : In Platonism, the meaning of life is in attaining the highest form of
Ligne n°387 : knowledge, which is the Idea (Form) of the Good, from which all good ...
Ligne n°423 : ... alike call it happiness, and make happiness identical with the good- Ligne n°424 : life and successful living. They disagree, however, about the
Ligne n°425 : meaning of happiness. ...
Ligne n°433 : ... Antisthenes, a pupil of Socrates, first outlined the themes of- Ligne n°434 : Cynicism, stating that the purpose of life is living a life of Virtue
- Ligne n°434 : Cynicism, stating that the purpose of life is living a life of Virtue
Ligne n°435 : which agrees with Nature. Happiness depends upon being self-sufficient ...- Ligne n°440 : The Cynical life rejects conventional desires for wealth, power,
Ligne n°441 : health, and fame, by being free of the possessions acquired in pursuing ...- Ligne n°485 : The Epicurean meaning of life rejects immortality and mysticism; there
Ligne n°486 : is a soul, but it is as mortal as the body. There is no afterlife, yet, ...
Ligne n°498 : ... of the universal logos, or reason, an essential value of all people.- Ligne n°499 : The meaning of life is "freedom from suffering" through apatheia (Gr:
Ligne n°500 : απαθεια), that is, being objective and having "clear judgement", not ...
Ligne n°524 : ... of love and compassion gave way to civic notions of freedom, equality,- Ligne n°525 : and citizenship. The meaning of life changed as well, focusing less on
Ligne n°526 : humankind's relationship to God and more on the relationship between ...
Ligne n°542 : ... There are many forms and derivations of liberalism, but their central- Ligne n°543 : conceptions of the meaning of life trace back to three main ideas.
Ligne n°544 : Early thinkers such as John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Adam Smith ...
Ligne n°590 : ... greatest happiness to the greatest number of people". He defined the- Ligne n°591 : meaning of life as the "greatest happiness principle".
- Ligne n°600 : Nihilism suggests that life is without objective meaning.
Ligne n°642 : ... the relationships people have with themselves and each other are- Ligne n°643 : conceived. Questions about the meaning of life have also seen radical
Ligne n°644 : changes, from attempts to reevaluate human existence in biological and ...
Ligne n°662 : ... Pragmatic philosophers suggest that the practical, useful understanding- Ligne n°663 : of life is more important than searching for an impractical abstract
Ligne n°664 : truth about life. William James argued that truth could be made, but ...
Ligne n°664 : ... truth about life. William James argued that truth could be made, but- Ligne n°665 : not sought.^[75]^[76] To a pragmatist, the meaning of life is
Ligne n°666 : discoverable only via experience. ...
Ligne n°673 : ... doing so. Theists also hold the view that humans find their meaning and- Ligne n°674 : purpose for life in God's purpose in creating. Theists further hold
Ligne n°675 : that if there were no God to give life ultimate meaning, value and ...
Ligne n°674 : ... purpose for life in God's purpose in creating. Theists further hold- Ligne n°675 : that if there were no God to give life ultimate meaning, value and
Ligne n°676 : purpose, then life would be absurd.^[77] ...
Ligne n°675 : ... that if there were no God to give life ultimate meaning, value and- Ligne n°676 : purpose, then life would be absurd.^[77]
Ligne n°683 : ... According to existentialism, each man and each woman creates the- Ligne n°684 : essence (meaning) of their life; life is not determined by a
Ligne n°685 : supernatural god or an earthly authority, one is free. As such, one's ...
Ligne n°692 : ... death. According to Jean-Paul Sartre, existence precedes essence; the- Ligne n°693 : (essence) of one's life arises only after one comes to existence.
- Ligne n°695 : Søren Kierkegaard spoke about a "leap", arguing that life is full of
Ligne n°696 : absurdity, and one must make his and her own values in an indifferent ...
Ligne n°698 : ... unconditional commitment to something finite, and devotes that- Ligne n°699 : meaningful life to the commitment, despite the vulnerability inherent
Ligne n°700 : to doing so.^[78] ...
Ligne n°702 : ... Arthur Schopenhauer answered: "What is the meaning of life?" by stating- Ligne n°703 : that one's life reflects one's will, and that the will (life) is an
Ligne n°704 : aimless, irrational, and painful drive. Salvation, deliverance, and ...- Ligne n°708 : For Friedrich Nietzsche, life is worth living only if there are goals
Ligne n°709 : inspiring one to live. Accordingly, he saw nihilism ("all that happens ...
Ligne n°785 : ... used synonymously) are extensions of humanistic values. One should seek- Ligne n°786 : the advancement of humanity and of all life to the greatest degree
Ligne n°787 : feasible and seek to reconcile Renaissance humanism with the 21st ...
Ligne n°792 : ... From a humanism-psychotherapeutic point of view, the question of the- Ligne n°793 : meaning of life could be reinterpreted as "What is the meaning of my
Ligne n°794 : life?"^[88] This approach emphasizes that the question is personal—and ...
Ligne n°809 : ... meaning in asking?"^[89]^[90] and "If there are no objective values,- Ligne n°810 : then, is life meaningless?"^[91] Ludwig Wittgenstein and the logical
Ligne n°811 : positivists said:^[citation needed] "Expressed in language, the ...
Ligne n°811 : ... positivists said:^[citation needed] "Expressed in language, the- Ligne n°812 : question is meaningless"; because, in life the statement the "meaning
Ligne n°813 : of x", usually denotes the consequences of x, or the significance of x, ...
Ligne n°816 : ... becomes recursive, and, therefore, nonsensical, or it might refer to- Ligne n°817 : the fact that biological life is essential to having a meaning in life.
- Ligne n°819 : The things (people, events) in the life of a person can have meaning
Ligne n°820 : (importance) as parts of a whole, but a discrete meaning of (the) life, ...
Ligne n°821 : ... itself, aside from those things, cannot be discerned. A person's life- Ligne n°822 : has meaning (for themselves, others) as the life events resulting from
Ligne n°823 : their achievements, legacy, family, etc., but, to say that life, ...
Ligne n°824 : ... itself, has meaning, is a misuse of language, since any note of- Ligne n°825 : significance, or of consequence, is relevant only in life (to the
Ligne n°826 : living), so rendering the statement erroneous. Bertrand Russell wrote ...- Ligne n°877 : According to naturalistic pantheism, the meaning of life is to care for
Ligne n°878 : and look after nature and the environment. ...- Ligne n°888 : The Mohist philosophers believed that the purpose of life was
Ligne n°889 : universal, impartial love. Mohism promoted a philosophy of impartial ...
Ligne n°908 : ... scholar Tu Wei-Ming's quote, "we can realize the ultimate meaning of- Ligne n°909 : life in ordinary human existence."^[94]
- Ligne n°915 : The Legalists believed that finding the purpose of life was a
Ligne n°916 : meaningless effort. To the Legalists, only practical knowledge was ...- Ligne n°922 : The religious perspectives on the meaning of life are those ideologies
Ligne n°923 : which explain life in terms of an implicit purpose not defined by ...
Ligne n°922 : ... The religious perspectives on the meaning of life are those ideologies- Ligne n°923 : which explain life in terms of an implicit purpose not defined by
Ligne n°924 : humans. According to the Charter for Compassion signed by many of the ...- Ligne n°941 : In the Judaic world view, the meaning of life is to elevate the
Ligne n°942 : physical world ('Olam HaZeh') and prepare it for the world to come ...
Ligne n°985 : ... observance unites the sephirot (Divine attributes) on high, restoring- Ligne n°986 : harmony to creation. In Lurianic Kabbalah, the meaning of life is the
Ligne n°987 : messianic rectification of the shattered sparks of God's persona, ...
Ligne n°991 : ... Divine essence through materiality, achieved by man from within his- Ligne n°992 : limited physical realm, when the body will give life to the soul.^[102]
Ligne n°1004 : ... intercession of Christ. (cf. John 11:26) The New Testament speaks of- Ligne n°1005 : God wanting to have a relationship with humans both in this life and
Ligne n°1006 : the life to come, which can happen only if one's sins are forgiven ...
Ligne n°1005 : ... God wanting to have a relationship with humans both in this life and- Ligne n°1006 : the life to come, which can happen only if one's sins are forgiven
Ligne n°1007 : (John 3:16–21; 2 Peter 3:9). ...
Ligne n°1020 : ... alternative Christian theological discourse interprets Jesus as- Ligne n°1021 : revealing that the purpose of life is to elevate our compassionate
Ligne n°1022 : response to human suffering.^[104] Nonetheless the conventional ...- Ligne n°1064 : Mormonism teaches that the purpose of life on Earth is to gain
Ligne n°1065 : knowledge and experience and to have joy.^[109] Mormons believe that ...
Ligne n°1087 : ... Divine guidelines revealed in the Qur'an and the Tradition of the- Ligne n°1088 : Prophet. Earthly life is a test, determining one's position of
Ligne n°1089 : closeness to Allah in the hereafter. A person will either be close to ...
Ligne n°1095 : ... follows: "Blessed be he in whose hand is the kingdom, he is powerful- Ligne n°1096 : over all things, who created death and life that he might examine which
Ligne n°1097 : of you is best in deeds, and he is the almighty, the forgiving" (Qur'an ...
Ligne n°1100 : ... testifies to the oneness of God in his lordship, his names, and his- Ligne n°1101 : attributes. Terrenal life is a test; how one acts (behaves) determines
Ligne n°1102 : whether one's soul goes to Jannat (Heaven) or to Jahannam ...- Ligne n°1119 : The Sufi view of the meaning of life stems from the hadith qudsi that
Ligne n°1120 : states "I (God) was a Hidden Treasure and loved to be known. Therefore ...
Ligne n°1121 : ... I created the Creation that I might be known." One possible- Ligne n°1122 : interpretation of this view is that the meaning of life for an
Ligne n°1123 : individual is to know the nature of God, and the purpose of all of ...
Ligne n°1134 : ... The Bahá'í Faith emphasizes the unity of humanity.^[120] To Bahá'ís,- Ligne n°1135 : the purpose of life is focused on spiritual growth and service to
Ligne n°1136 : humanity. Human beings are viewed as intrinsically spiritual beings. ...- Ligne n°1182 : In all schools of Hinduism, the meaning of life is tied up in the
Ligne n°1183 : concepts of karma (causal action), sansara (the cycle of birth and ...
Ligne n°1186 : ... across numerous lifetimes, and its ultimate progression towards- Ligne n°1187 : liberation from karma. Particular goals for life are generally subsumed
Ligne n°1188 : under broader yogas (practices) or dharma (correct living) which are ...
Ligne n°1189 : ... intended to create more favorable reincarnations, though they are- Ligne n°1190 : generally positive acts in this life as well. Traditional schools of
Ligne n°1191 : Hinduism often worship Devas which are manifestations of Ishvara (a ...
Ligne n°1207 : ... In monist Advaita Vedanta, ātman is ultimately indistinguishable from- Ligne n°1208 : Brahman, and the goal of life is to know or realize that one's ātman
Ligne n°1209 : (soul) is identical to Brahman.^[130] To the Upanishads, whoever ...
Ligne n°1216 : ... and manifest qualities. The ātman depends upon Brahman for its- Ligne n°1217 : existence; the meaning of life is achieving Moksha through love of God
Ligne n°1218 : and upon His grace.^[131] ...
Ligne n°1240 : ... a living entity is to serve the Lord with love and devotion. The- Ligne n°1241 : purpose of human life especially is to think beyond the animalistic way
Ligne n°1242 : of eating, sleeping, mating and defending and engage the higher ...
Ligne n°1254 : ... result. Therefore, happiness is the result of self-conquest and freedom- Ligne n°1255 : from external objects. The meaning of life may then be said to be to
Ligne n°1256 : use the physical body to achieve self-realization and bliss.^[135] ...
Ligne n°1281 : ... "the meaning of life" or "the purpose of life", but about the potential- Ligne n°1282 : of human life to end suffering, for example through embracing (not
Ligne n°1283 : suppressing or denying) cravings and conceptual attachments. Attaining ...
Ligne n°1343 : ... God.^[139] Sikhs balance their moral and spiritual values with the- Ligne n°1344 : quest for knowledge, and they aim to promote a life of peace and
Ligne n°1345 : equality but also of positive action.^[140] ...
Ligne n°1348 : ... of God, to the extent that one can interpret God as the Universe itself- Ligne n°1349 : (pantheism). Sikhism thus sees life as an opportunity to understand
Ligne n°1350 : this God as well as to discover the divinity which lies in each ...
Ligne n°1372 : ... Taoists believe all things were originally from Taiji and Tao, and the- Ligne n°1373 : meaning in life for the adherents is to realize the temporal nature of
Ligne n°1374 : the existence. "Only introspection can then help us to find our ...
Ligne n°1385 : ... signifies that all the universe is divine spirit. This foundation of- Ligne n°1386 : free will, choosing one's way, means that life is a creative process.
- Ligne n°1388 : Shinto wants life to live, not to die. Shinto sees death as pollution
Ligne n°1389 : and regards life as the realm where the divine spirit seeks to purify ...
Ligne n°1388 : ... Shinto wants life to live, not to die. Shinto sees death as pollution- Ligne n°1389 : and regards life as the realm where the divine spirit seeks to purify
Ligne n°1390 : itself by rightful self-development. Shinto wants individual human life ...- Ligne n°1416 : The mystery of life and its true meaning is an often recurring subject
Ligne n°1417 : in popular culture, featured in entertainment media and various forms ...
Ligne n°1429 : ... Many other Python sketches and songs are also existential in nature,- Ligne n°1430 : questioning the importance we place on life ("Always Look on the Bright
Ligne n°1431 : Side of Life") and other meaning-of-life related questioning. John ...
Ligne n°1454 : ... In The Simpsons episode "Homer the Heretic", a representation of God- Ligne n°1455 : agrees to tell Homer what the meaning of life is, but the show's
Ligne n°1456 : credits begin to roll just as he starts to say what it is.^[150] ...
Ligne n°1514 : ... suffering caused by ignorance and find happiness.^[175]- Ligne n°1515 : * To face our fears and accept the lessons life offers us.^[159]
Ligne n°1516 : * To find the meaning or purpose of life.^[176]^[177] ...- Ligne n°1550 : * [He] [God] who created death and life to test you [as to] who is
Ligne n°1551 : best in deed and He is Exalted in Might, the Forgiving. Surat ...
Ligne n°1577 : ... * To love more.^[151]- Ligne n°1578 : * To love those who mean the most. Every life you touch will touch
Ligne n°1579 : you back.^[151] ...- Ligne n°1599 : * Life or human existence has no real meaning or purpose because
Ligne n°1600 : human existence occurred out of a random chance in nature, and ...
Ligne n°1601 : ... anything that exists by chance has no intended purpose.^[179]- Ligne n°1602 : * Life has no meaning, but as humans we try to associate a meaning or
Ligne n°1603 : purpose so we can justify our existence.^[151] ...- Ligne n°1609 : * The answer to the meaning of life is too profound to be known and
Ligne n°1610 : understood.^[179] ...
Ligne n°1612 : ... life.^[151]- Ligne n°1613 : * The meaning of life is to forget about the search for the meaning
Ligne n°1614 : of life.^[151] ...
Ligne n°1617 : ... asked. In a word, each person is questioned by life; and they can- Ligne n°1618 : only answer to life by answering for their own life; to life they
- Ligne n°1618 : only answer to life by answering for their own life; to life they
Ligne n°1619 : can only respond by being responsible.^[219] ...- Ligne n°1640 : Origin and nature of life and reality
Ligne n°1668 : ... * Intentional living- Ligne n°1669 : * Life extension
Ligne n°1670 : * Man's Search for Meaning ...- Ligne n°1675 : * Life stance
Ligne n°1676 : * Meaning-making ...
Ligne n°1732 : ... 19. ^ Boyle PA, Buchman AS, Barnes LL, Bennett DA. Effect of a purpose- Ligne n°1733 : in life on risk of incident Alzheimer disease and mild cognitive
Ligne n°1734 : impairment in community-dwelling older persons. Archives of General ...
Ligne n°1739 : ... Behavioral Medicine. (2):124–133.- Ligne n°1740 : 21. ^ Kim ES, Sun JK, Park N, Peterson C. Purpose in life and reduced
Ligne n°1741 : incidence of stroke in older adults: The Health and Retirement ...
Ligne n°1742 : ... Study. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 2013;74(5):427–432.- Ligne n°1743 : 22. ^ Boyle PA, Barnes LL, Buchman AS, Bennett DA. Purpose in life is
Ligne n°1744 : associated with mortality among community-dwelling older persons. ...
Ligne n°1765 : ... of California Press. ISBN 0-520-22021-8.- Ligne n°1766 : 33. ^ Lovelock, James (2000). Gaia – a New Look at Life on Earth.
Ligne n°1767 : Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-286218-9. ...
Ligne n°1908 : ... 90. ^ Wohlgennant, Rudolph. (1981). "Has the Question about the Meaning- Ligne n°1909 : of Life any Meaning?" (Chapter 4). In E. Morscher, ed., Philosophie
Ligne n°1910 : als Wissenschaft. ...
Ligne n°1981 : ... 125. ^ ^a ^b Monier Monier-Williams (1974). Brahmanism and Hinduism:- Ligne n°1982 : Or, Religious Thought and Life in India, as Based on the Veda and
Ligne n°1983 : Other Sacred Books of the Hindus. Elibron Classics. Adamant Media ...
Ligne n°2039 : ... 150. ^ Mark I. Pinsky (2001). The Gospel According To The Simpsons: The- Ligne n°2040 : Spiritual Life Of The World's Most Animated Family. Westminster
Ligne n°2041 : John Knox Press. ISBN 0-664-22419-9. ...
Ligne n°2090 : ... History of Heredity. Houghton Mifflin Books. ISBN 0-618-21909-9.- Ligne n°2091 : 171. ^ Boyce Rensberger (1996). Life Itself: Exploring the Realm of the
Ligne n°2092 : Living Cell. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-512500-2. ...
Ligne n°2110 : ... 179. ^ ^a ^b ^c Timothy Tang (2007). Real Answers to The Meaning of- Ligne n°2111 : Life and Finding Happiness. iUniverse. ISBN 978-0-595-45941-4.
Ligne n°2112 : 180. ^ Tyler T. Roberts (1998). Contesting Spirit: Nietzsche, ...
Ligne n°2177 : ... is the time for men to prepare to meet God; yea, behold the day of- Ligne n°2178 : this life is the day for men to perform their labors."
Ligne n°2179 : 208. ^ Holy Bible: Genesis 3:22. "And the Lord God said, Behold, the ...
Ligne n°2184 : ... Lord God spake unto Moses, saying: ... For behold, this is my work- Ligne n°2185 : and my glory—to bring to pass the immortality and eternal life of
Ligne n°2186 : man." ...
Ligne n°2193 : ... it is given according to his desires, whether he desireth good or- Ligne n°2194 : evil, life or death, joy or remorse of conscience."
Ligne n°2195 : 213. ^ Book of Mormon: 2 Nephi 2:25. March 1830. "Adam fell that men ...
Ligne n°2200 : ... and never should have known good and evil, and the joy of our- Ligne n°2201 : redemption, and the eternal life which God giveth unto all the
Ligne n°2202 : obedient." ...- Ligne n°2219 : Look up meaning of life in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Ligne n°2220 : Wikiquote has quotations related to: Meaning of life ...
Ligne n°2224 : ... Encyclopedia of Philosophy- Ligne n°2225 : * The Meaning of Life in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy