* Nanodegree * Catalog * Sign In * My Classroom * Get Started Join our list for the latest Udacity news and offers Nanodegree Catalog Sign In My Classroom Get Started Free Course Artificial Intelligence for Robotics by Georgia Institute of Technology Programming a Robotic Car Start Free Course Nanodegree Program Machine Learning Engineer by kaggle Make Predictive Models Accelerate your career with the credential that fast-tracks you to job success. About this Course Learn how to program all the major systems of a robotic car from the leader of Google and Stanford's autonomous driving teams. This class will teach you basic methods in Artificial Intelligence, including: probabilistic inference, planning and search, localization, tracking and control, all with a focus on robotics. Extensive programming examples and assignments will apply these methods in the context of building self-driving cars. This course is offered as part of the Georgia Tech Masters in Computer Science. The updated course includes a final project, where you must chase a runaway robot that is trying to escape! Play Trailer Play Trailer Artificial Intelligence for Robotics Course Cost Free Timeline Approx. 2 months Skill Level Advanced Included in Course * Icon course 01 3edf6b45629a2e8f1b490e1fb1516899e98b3b30db721466e83b1a1c16e237b1 Rich Learning Content * Icon course 04 2edd94a12ef9e5f0ebe04f6c9f6ae2c89e5efba5fd0b703c60f65837f8b54430 Interactive Quizzes * Icon course 02 2d90171a3a467a7d4613c7c615f15093d7402c66f2cf9a5ab4bcf11a4958aa33 Taught by Industry Pros * Icon course 05 237542f88ede3178ac4845d4bebf431ddd36d9c3c35aedfbd92e148c1c7361c6 Self-Paced Learning * Icon course 03 142f0532acf4fa030d680f5cb3babed8007e9ac853d0a3bf731fa30a7869db3a Student Support Community Join the Path to Greatness This free course is your first step towards a new career with the Machine Learning Engineer Nanodegree Program. Free Course Artificial Intelligence for Robotics by Georgia Institute of Technology Enhance your skill set and boost your hirability through innovative, independent learning. Icon steps 54aa753742d05d598baf005f2bb1b5bb6339a7d544b84089a1eee6acd5a8543d Nanodegree Program Machine Learning Engineer by kaggle Accelerate your career with the credential that fast-tracks you to job success. Learn More Course Leads * Sebastian Thrun Sebastian Thrun Instructor What You Will Learn Lesson 1: Localization * Localization * Total Probability * Uniform Distribution * Probability After Sense * Normalize Distribution * Phit and Pmiss * Sum of Probabilities * Sense Function * Exact Motion * Move Function * Bayes Rule * Theorem of Total Probability Lesson 2: Kalman Filters * Gaussian Intro * Variance Comparison * Maximize Gaussian * Measurement and Motion * Parameter Update * New Mean Variance * Gaussian Motion * Kalman Filter Code * Kalman Prediction * Kalman Filter Design * Kalman Matrices Lesson 3: Particle Filters * Slate Space * Belief Modality * Particle Filters * Using Robot Class * Robot World * Robot Particles Lesson 4: Search * Motion Planning * Compute Cost * Optimal Path * First Search Program * Expansion Grid * Dynamic Programming * Computing Value * Optimal Policy Lesson 5: PID Control * Robot Motion * Smoothing Algorithm * Path Smoothing * Zero Data Weight * Pid Control * Proportional Control * Implement P Controller * Oscillations * Pd Controller * Systematic Bias * Pid Implementation * Parameter Optimization Lesson 6: SLAM (Simultaneous Localization and Mapping) * Localization * Planning * Segmented Ste * Fun with Parameters * SLAM * Graph SLAM * Implementing Constraints * Adding Landmarks * Matrix Modification * Untouched Fields * Landmark Position * Confident Measurements * Implementing SLAM Runaway Robot Final Project Prerequisites and Requirements Success in this course requires some programming experience and some mathematical fluency. Programming in this course is done in Python. We will use some basic object-oriented concepts to model robot motion and perception. If you don’t know Python but have experience with another language, you should be able to pick up the syntax fairly quickly. If you have no programming experience, you should consider taking Udacity’s Introduction to Computer Science course before attempting this one. The math used will be centered on probability and linear algebra. You don’t need to be an expert in either, but some familiarity with concepts in probability (e.g. probabilities must add to one, conditional probability, and Bayes’ rule) will be extremely helpful. It is possible to learn these concepts during the course, but it will take more work. Knowledge of linear algebra, while helpful, is not required. See the Technology Requirements for using Udacity. Why Take This Course This course will teach you probabilistic inference, planning and search, localization, tracking and control, all with a focus on robotics. At the end of the course, you will leverage what you learned by solving the problem of a runaway robot that you must chase and hunt down! 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Udacity is not an accredited university and we don't confer traditional degrees. Udacity Nanodegree programs represent collaborations with our industry partners who help us develop our content and who hire many of our program graduates. Icon globe e82eae5d45465aba4fbe4bb746905ce55dc3324f310b79c60e4a20089057d347 Udacity 现已提供中文版本！ A Udacity tem uma página em português para você! There's a local version of Udacity for you! 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Click on the button below to subscribe and wait for a new Facebook message from the TC Messenger news bot. Thanks, TC Team Cyber Monday SaleGet A $200 Holiday Gift Guide Item Free With Disrupt London Early Bird Ticket Purchase Today Only - Get Yours Now vivek wadhwa Crunch Network From AI To Robotics, 2016 Will Be The Year When The Machines Start Taking Over Posted Jan 13, 2016 by Vivek Wadhwa (@wadhwa) * 0 SHARES * * * * * * * * * Next Story Apple Watch Scooped Up Over Half The Smartwatch Market In 2015 [terminator-salvation.jpg?w=738] Vivek Wadhwa Crunch Network Contributor Vivek Wadhwa is an academic, entrepreneur, and author who holds appointments at Stanford, Duke, and Singularity University. More posts by this contributor: * Platforms are the real powerhouses in Silicon Valley’s business landscape * Entrepreneurs everywhere can now solve the problems of humanity How to join the network For the past century, the price and performance of computing has been on an exponential curve. And, as futurist Ray Kurzweil observed, once any technology becomes an information technology, its development follows the same curve, so we are seeing exponential advances in technologies such as sensors, networks, artificial intelligence, and robotics. The convergence of these technologies is making amazing things possible. 2015 was the tipping point in the global adoption of the Internet, digital medical devices, blockchain, gene editing, drones, and solar energy. 2016 will be the beginning of an even bigger revolution, one that will change the way we live, let us visit new worlds, and lead us into a jobless future. Yes, with every good there is a bad; wonderful things will become possible, but with them we will also create new problems for mankind. Here are six of the technologies that will make this happen, and the good they will do. Artificial Intelligence Her In the artificial-intelligence community, there is a common saying: “A.I. is whatever hasn’t been done yet”. They call this the “A.I. effect”. Skeptics discount the behavior of an artificial-intelligence program by arguing that, rather than being real intelligence, it is just brute force computing and algorithms. There is merit to the criticism: even though computers have beaten chess masters and Jeopardy players and learnt to talk to us and drive cars, Siri and Cortana are still imperfect and infuriating. Yes, they crack jokes and tell us the weather, but are nothing like the seductive digital assistant we saw in the movie Her. But that is about to change—so that even the skeptics will say that A.I. has arrived. There have been major advances in “deep learning” neural networks, which learn by ingesting large amounts of data: IBM has taught its A.I. system, Watson, everything from cooking, to finance, to medicine; and Facebook, Google, and Microsoft have made great strides in face recognition and human-like speech systems. A.I.-based face recognition, for example, has almost reached human capability. And IBM Watson can diagnose certain cancers better than any human doctor can. With IBM Watson being made available to developers, Google open-sourcing its deep learning A.I. software, and Facebook releasing the designs of its specialized A.I. hardware, we can expect to see a broad variety of A.I. applications emerging—because entrepreneurs all over the world are taking up the baton. A.I. will be wherever computers are, and will seem human-like. Fortunately, we don’t need to worry about superhuman A.I. yet; that is still a decade or two away. Robots AI The 2015 DARPA Robotics Challenge required robots to navigate over an eight-task course simulating a disaster zone. It was almost comical to see them moving at the speed of molasses, freezing up, and falling over. Forget folding laundry and serving humans; these robots could hardly walk. As well, although we heard some three years ago that Foxconn would replace a million workers with robots in its Chinese factories, it never did so. The breakthroughs may, however, be at hand. To begin with, a new generation of robots is being introduced by companies such as Switzerland’s ABB, Denmark’s Universal Robots, and Boston’s Rethink Robotics—robots dextrous enough to thread a needle and sensitive enough to work alongside humans. They can assemble circuits and pack boxes. We are at the cusp of the industrial-robot revolution. Household robots are another matter. Household tasks may seem mundane, but they are incredibly difficult for machines to perform. Cleaning a room and folding laundry necessitate software algorithms that are more complex than those to land a man on the moon. But there have been many breakthroughs of late, largely driven by A.I., enabling robots to learn certain tasks by themselves and teach each other what they have learnt. And with the open source robotic operating system, ROS, thousands of developers worldwide are getting close to perfecting the algorithms. Don’t be surprised when robots start showing up in supermarkets and malls—and in our homes. Remember Rosie, the robotic housekeeper from the TV series “The Jetsons”? I am expecting version 1 to begin shipping in the early 2020s. Self-driving cars google-self-driving-car Once considered to be in the realm of science fiction, autonomous cars made big news in 2015. Google crossed the million-mile mark with its prototypes; Tesla began releasing functionality in its cars; and major car manufacturers announced their plans for robocars. These are coming, whether we are ready or not. And, just as the robots will, they will learn from each other—about the landscape of our roads and the bad habits of humans. In the next year or two, we will see fully functional robocars being tested on our highways, and then they will take over our roads. Just as the horseless carriage threw horses off the roads, these cars will displace us humans. Because they won’t crash into each other as we humans do, they won’t need the bumper bars or steel cages, so they will be more comfortable and lighter. Most will be electric. We also won’t have to worry about parking spots, because they will be able to drop us where we want to go to and pick us up when we are ready. We won’t even need to own our own cars, because transportation will be available on demand through our smartphones. Best of all, we won’t need speed limits, so distance will be less of a barrier—enabling us to leave the cities and suburbs. Virtual reality and holodecks British television presenter Rachel Riley shows a virtual-reality headset called Gear VR during an unpacked event of Samsung ahead of the consumer electronic fair IFA in Berlin, Wednesday, Sept. 3, 2014. (AP Photo/Markus Schreiber) (AP Photo/Markus Schreiber) In March, Facebook announced the availability of its much anticipated virtual-reality headset, Oculus. Microsoft, Magic Leap, and dozens of startups won’t be far behind with their new technologies. The early versions of these products will surely be expensive and clumsy and cause dizziness and other adverse reactions. But prices will fall, capabilities will increase, and footprints will shrink as is the case with all exponential technologies, and 2016 will mark the beginning of the VR revolution. Virtual reality will change how we learn and how we entertain ourselves. Our children’s education will become experiential, because they will be able to visit ancient Greece and journey within the human body. We will spend our lunchtimes touring far-off destinations and our evenings playing laser tag with friends who are thousands of miles away. And, rather than watching movies at IMAX theatres, we will be able to be part of the action, virtually in the back seat of the car chase. Internet of Things Connected Mark Zuckerberg recently announced plans to create his own artificially intelligent, voice-controlled butler to help run his life at home and at work. For this, he will need appliances that can talk to his digital butler—a connected home, office, and car. These are all coming, as CES, the big consumer electronics tradeshow in Las Vegas, demonstrated. From showerheads that track how much water we’ve used to toothbrushes that watch out for cavities, to refrigerators that order food that is running out, they are all on their way. Starting in 2016, everything will be be connected—including our homes and appliances, our cars, street lights, and medical instruments. They will be sharing information with each other and perhaps gossiping about us, and will introduce massive security risks as well as many efficiencies. And we won’t have much choice, because they will be standard features—as are the cameras on our Smart TVs that stare at us, and the smartphones that listen to everything we say. Space spacex dragon capsule Rockets, satellites, and spaceships were things that governments built—until Elon Musk stepped into the ring in 2002, with his startup SpaceX. A decade later, he demonstrated the ability to dock a spacecraft with the International Space Station and return with cargo. A year later, he launched a commercial geostationary satellite. And then, in 2015, out of the blue, came another billionaire, Jeff Bezos, whose space company, Blue Origin, launched a rocket 100 kilometers into space and landed its booster within five feet of its launch pad. This is a feat that SpaceX only achieved a month later, so Bezos one-upped Musk. It took a race, in the 1960s, between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. to get man to the Moon. For decades after this, little more happened, because there was no one for the U.S. to compete with. Now, thanks to technology costs’ falling so far that space exploration can be done for millions rather than billions of dollars, and the raging egos of two billionaires, we will see the breakthroughs in space travel that we have been waiting for. Maybe there’ll be nothing beyond some rocket launches and a few competitive tweets between Musk and Bezos in 2016, but we will be closer to having colonies on Mars. This surely is the most innovative period in human history, an era that will be remembered as the inflexion point in exponential technologies that made the impossible possible. * 0 SHARES * * * * * * * * Advertisement Advertisement Newsletter Subscriptions [ ] The Daily Crunch Get the top tech stories of the day delivered to your inbox [ ] TC Weekly Roundup Get a weekly recap of the biggest tech stories [ ] Crunchbase Daily The latest startup funding announcements Enter Address ____________________ (BUTTON) Subscribe Latest Crunch Report * Facebook Builds a Censorship Tool | Crunch Report Facebook Builds a Censorship Tool | Crunch Report Watch More Episodes * vivek wadhwa * Popular Posts Featured Stories * Black Friday online sales to hit a record-breaking $3 billion, over $1 billion from mobile Black Friday online sales to hit a record-breaking $3 billion, over $1 billion from mobile Nov 25, 2016 | Sarah Perez * Siren Care makes a “smart” sock to track diabetic health Siren Care makes a “smart” sock to track diabetic health Nov 25, 2016 | Sarah Buhr * Peter Thiel taps a principal at Founders Fund for Trump’s transition team Peter Thiel taps a principal at Founders Fund for Trump’s transition team Nov 25, 2016 | Connie Loizos * Payments provider Stripe has raised another $150M at a $9B valuation Payments provider Stripe has raised another $150M at a $9B valuation Nov 25, 2016 | Ingrid Lunden Latest From TechCrunch * Cyber Monday Offer: Free Gift With TechCrunch Disrupt London Purchase Cyber Monday Offer: Free Gift With TechCrunch Disrupt London Purchase 20 minutes ago | Matt Burns * This is the last week to get discounted tickets to Disrupt London This is the last week to get discounted tickets to Disrupt London 1 hour ago | Matt Burns * Asia’s answer to ClassPass is pivoting to become a marketplace for local services Asia’s answer to ClassPass is pivoting to become a marketplace for local services 5 hours ago | Jon Russell * Disrupting the world of science publishing Disrupting the world of science publishing 16 hours ago | Bérénice Magistretti Comment moderation powered by BrandBastion Up Next Apple Watch Scooped Up Over Half The Smartwatch Market In 2015 Posted Jan 13, 2016 CrunchBoard Job Listings * CRM Berater (m/f) at eGym GmbH (München, Deutschland) * C++ Developer - Qt Product Development (m/f) at eGym GmbH (München, Deutschland) * Full Stack Engineer at FactorChain at The Sourcery (Los Altos, CA, United States) * UI Engineering @ FactorChain at The Sourcery (Los Altos, CA, United States) * Senior Backend Engineer @ MeetMe at The Sourcery (San Francisco, CA, United States) More from CrunchBoard Advertisement TechCrunch [crunch-network.jpg] * News * Video * Events * Crunchbase * TechCrunch Store About * Staff * Contact Us * Advertise With Us * Send Us A Tip International * China * Europe * Japan Follow TechCrunch * Facebook * Twitter * Google+ * LinkedIn * Youtube * Pinterest * Tumblr * Instagram * StumbleUpon * Feed TechCrunch Apps * iOS * Android * Windows 8 Subscribe to The Daily Crunch Latest headlines delivered to you daily [X] Subscribe to Subscribe to The Daily Crunch Enter Email Address ____________________ (BUTTON) Subscribe © 2013-2016 AOL Inc. 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Welcome Home. Support Amazing Science Journalism. Create the New Science Generation. Join the Society * Menu * Topics + Atom & Cosmos + Body & Brain + Earth & Environment + Genes & Cells + Life & Evolution + Humans & Society + Math & Technology + Matter & Energy * Blogs + Context | Tom Siegfried + Growth Curve | Laura Sanders + Scicurious | Bethany Brookshire + Science Ticker | Science News Staff + Wild Things | Sarah Zielinski * Editor's Picks + Nobels 2016 + Rosetta + Scientists to Watch + Zika virus + Gravitational waves + See More * Magazine 11/26/16 cover In the Nov. 26 SN: Lichens sound forest alarm, dino’s controversial camo, endoplasmic reticulum reenvisioned, learning curves zigzag, nuclear bubble, X-rays from Pluto, bulldozer echidnas, too many muons and more. 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Human: cherezoff/shutterstock; Robot: Willyam Bradberry/shutterstock Magazine issue: Vol. 190, No. 10, November 12, 2016, p. 18 * EMail logo EMail * Print logo Print * Twitter logo Twitter * Facebook logo Facebook * Reddit logo Reddit * Google+ logo Google+ Sponsor Message IFRAME: https://g.adspeed.net/ad.php?do=html&zid=47245&wd=300&ht=250&target=_to p i View the video In a high-ceilinged laboratory at Children’s National Health System in Washington, D.C., a gleaming white robot stitches up pig intestines. The thin pink tissue dangles like a deflated balloon from a sturdy plastic loop. Two bulky cameras watch from above as the bot weaves green thread in and out, slowly sewing together two sections. Like an experienced human surgeon, the robot places each suture deftly, precisely — and with intelligence. Or something close to it. For robots, artificial intelligence means more than just “brains.” Sure, computers can learn how to recognize faces or beat humans in strategy games. But the body matters too. In humans, eyes and ears and skin pick up cues from the environment, like the glow of a campfire or the patter of falling raindrops. People use these cues to take action: to dodge a wayward spark or huddle close under an umbrella. Part of intelligence is “walking around and picking things up and opening doors and stuff,” says Cornell computer scientist Bart Selman. It “has to do with our perception and our physical being.” For machines to function fully on their own, without humans calling the shots, getting physical is essential. Today’s robots aren’t there yet — not even close — but amping up the senses could change that. “If we’re going to have robots in the world, in our home, interacting with us and exploring the environment, they absolutely have to have sensing,” says Stanford roboticist Mark Cutkosky. He and a group of like-minded scientists are making sensors for robotic feet and fingers and skin — and are even helping robots learn how to use their bodies, like babies first grasping how to squeeze a parent’s finger. The goal is to build robots that can make decisions based on what they’re sensing around them — robots that can gauge the force needed to push open a door or figure out how to step carefully on a slick sidewalk. Eventually, such robots could work like humans, perhaps even caring for the elderly. Story continues after video IFRAME: https://www.youtube.com/embed/kZJiL0L-8Zw?rel=0 FEELIN' IT From touch to sight, robots are getting a sensory upgrade. Video & Images: DeepMind, DARPA, V. Santos & R. Hellman/UCLA, A. Wu, Google, Boston Dynamics, Carla Schaffer/AAAS Sheikh Zayed/Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, D. Hughes and N. Correll/Bioinsp & Biomimetics 2015, M. Cutkosky/Stanford University, D. Christensen; Music: Podington Bear (CC BY-NC 3.0). H. Thompson Such machines of the future are a far cry from that shiny white surgery robot in the D.C. lab, essentially an arm atop a cart. But today’s fledgling sensing robots mark the slow awakening of machines to the world around them, and themselves. “By adding just a little bit of awareness to the machine,” says pediatric surgeon Peter Kim of the children’s hospital, “there’s a huge amount of benefit to gain.” Born to run The pint-size machine running around Stanford’s campus doesn’t look especially self-aware. It’s a rugged sort of robot, with stacked circuit boards and bundles of colorful wires loaded on its back. It scampers over grass, gravel, asphalt — any surface roboticist Alice Wu can find. For weeks this summer, Wu took the traveling bot outside, placed it on the ground, and then, “I let her run,” she says. The bot isn’t that fast (its top speed is about a half a meter per second), and it doesn’t go far, but Wu is trying to give it something special: a sense of touch. Wu calls the bot SAIL-R, for Sensorized Adaptive Intelligence Legged Robot. Fixed to each of its six C-shaped legs are tactile sensors that can tell how hard the robot hits the ground. Most robots don’t have tactile sensing on their feet, Wu says. “When I first got into this, I thought that was crazy. So much effort is focused on hands and arms.” But feet make contact with the world too. Feeling the ground, in fact, is crucial for walking. Most people tailor their gait to different surfaces without even thinking, feet pounding the ground on a run over grass, or slowing down on a street glazed with ice. Wu wants to make robots that, like humans, sense the surface they’re on and adjust their walk accordingly. Walking robots have already ventured out into the world: Last year, a competition sponsored by DARPA, the Department of Defense agency that funds advanced research, showcased a lineup of semiautonomous robots that walked over rubble and even climbed stairs (SN: 12/13/14, p. 16). But they didn’t do it on their own; hidden away in control rooms, human operators pulled the strings. One day, Wu says, machines could feel the ground and learn for themselves the most efficient way to walk. But that’s a tall order. For one, researchers can’t simply glue the delicate sensors designed for a robot’s hands onto its feet. “The feet are literally whacking the sensor against the ground very, very hard,” Wu says. “It’s unforgiving contact.” That’s the challenge with tactile sensing in general, says Cutkosky, Wu’s adviser at Stanford. Scientists have to build sensors that are tough, that can survive impact and abrasion and bending and water. It’s one reason physical intelligence has advanced so slowly, he says. “You can’t just feed a supercomputer thousands of training examples,” Cutkosky says, the way AlphaGo learned how to play Go (SN Online: 3/15/16). “You actually have to build things that interact with the world.” Robot reality Humans navigate the world through a suite of senses (some below). Robot tools can pick up sights and sounds (and more) from their environment. Some robot senses go beyond human abilities. Sense Human sensor Robot sensor Sight Eyes Cameras Hearing Ears Microphones Touch Skin Tactile sensors Balance Eyes, inner ear, feet Gyroscope, accelerometer, tilt switch Additional abilities Requires gear (night vision goggles, sonar) Night vision camera, ultrasound Cutkosky would know. His lab is famous for building such machines: tiny “microTugs” that can team up, antlike, to pull a car, and a gecko-inspired “Stickybot” that climbs walls. Tactile sensing could make these and other robots smarter. Wu and colleagues presented a new sensor at IROS 2015, a meeting on intelligent robots and systems in Hamburg, Germany. The sensor, a sandwich of rubber and circuit boards, can measure adhesion forces — what a climbing robot uses to stick to walls. Theoretically, such a device could tell a bot if its feet were slipping so it could adjust its grip to hang on. And because the postage stamp–sized sensor is tough, it might actually survive life on little robot feet. Wu has used a similar sort of sensor on an indoor, two-legged bot, the predecessor to the six-legged SAIL-R. The indoor bot can successfully distinguish between hard, slippery, grassy and sandy surfaces more than 90 percent of the time, Wu reported in IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters in July. That could be enough to keep a bot from falling. On a patch of ice, for example, “it would say, ‘Uh-oh, this feels kind of slippery. I need to slow down to a walk,’ ” Wu says. Ideally, Cutkosky says, robots should be covered with tactile sensors — just like human skin. But scientists are still figuring out how a machine would deal with the resulting deluge of information. Smart skin Even someone sitting (nearly) motionless at a desk in a quiet, temperature-controlled office is bombarded with information from the senses. Fluorescent lights flutter, air conditioning units hum and the tactile signals are too numerous to count. Fingertips touch computer keys, feet press the floor, forearms rest on the desk. If people couldn’t tune out some of the “noise” picked up by their skin, it would be total sensory overload. “You have millions of tactile sensors, but you don’t sit there and say, ‘OK, what’s going on with my millions of tactile sensors,’ ” says Nikolaus Correll, a roboticist at the University of Colorado Boulder. Rather, the brain gets a filtered message, more of a big-picture view. That simplified strategy may be a winner for robotic skin, too. Instead of sending every last bit of sensing data to a centralized robotic brain, the skin should do some of the computing itself, says Correll, who made the case for such “smart” materials in Science in 2015. “When something interesting happens, [the skin] could report to the brain,” Correll says. Like human skin, artificial skin could take all the vibration info received from a nudge, or a tap to the shoulder, and translate it into a simpler message for the brain: “The skin could say, ‘I was tapped or rubbed or patted at this position,’ ” he says. That way, the robot’s brain doesn’t have to constantly process a flood of vibration data from the skin’s sensors. It’s called distributed information processing. Correll and Colorado colleague Dana Hughes tested the idea with a stretchy square of rubbery skin mounted on the back of an industrial robot named Baxter. Throughout the skin, they placed 10 vibration sensors paired with 10 tiny computers. Then the team trained the computers to recognize different textures by rubbing patches of cotton, cardboard, sandpaper and other materials on the skin. Their sensor/computer duo was able to distinguish between 15 textures about 70 percent of the time, Hughes and Correll reported in Bioinspiration & Biomimetics in 2015. And that’s with no centralized “brain” at all. That kind of touch discrimination brings the robotic skin a step closer to human skin. Making robotic parts with such sensing abilities “will make it much easier to build a dexterous, capable robot,” Correll says. And with smart skin, robots could invest more brainpower in the big stuff, what humans begin learning at birth — how to use their own bodies. Zip it In UCLA’s Biomechatronics Lab, a green-fingered robot just figured out how to use its body for one seemingly simple task: closing a plastic bag. Two deformable finger pads pinch the blue seal with steady pressure (the enclosed Cheerios barely tremble) as the robot slides its hand slowly along the plastic zipper. After about two minutes, the fingers reach the end, closing the bag. It’s deceptively difficult. The bag’s shape changes as it’s manipulated — tough for robotic fingers to grasp. It’s also transparent — not easily detectable by computer vision. The crux is embodiment, or the robot's awareness that each of its actions brings an ever-shifting kaleidoscope of sensations. — Veronica Santos You can’t just tell the robot to move its fingertips horizontally along the zipper, says Veronica Santos, a roboticist at UCLA. She and colleague Randall Hellman, a mechanical engineer, tried that. It’s too hard to predict how the bag will bend and flex. “It’s a constant moving target,” Santos says. So the researchers let the robot learn how to close the bag itself. First they had the bot randomly move its fingers along the zipper, while collecting data from sensors in the fingertips — how the skin deforms, what vibrations it picks up, how fluid pressure in the fingertips changes. Santos and Hellman also taught the robot where the zipper was in relation to the finger pads. The sweet spot is smack dab in the middle, Santos says. Then the team used a type of algorithm called reinforcement learning to teach the robot how to close the bag. “This is the exciting part,” Santos says. The program gives the robot “points” for keeping the zipper in the fingers’ sweet spot while moving along the bag. “If good stuff happens, it gets rewarded,” Santos says. When the bot holds the zipper near the center of the finger pads, she explains, “it says, ‘Hey, I get points for that, so those are good things to do.’ ” She and Hellman reported successful bag closing in April at the IEEE Haptics Symposium in Philadelphia. “The robot actually learned!” Santos says. And in a way that would have been hard to program. It’s like teaching someone how to swing a tennis racket, she says. “I can tell you what you’re supposed to do, and I can tell you what it might feel like.” But to smash a ball across a net, “you’re going to have to do it and feel it yourself.” Learning by doing may be the way to get robots to tackle all sorts of complicated tasks, or simple tasks in complicated situations. The crux is embodiment, Santos says, or the robot’s awareness that each of its actions brings an ever-shifting kaleidoscope of sensations. Story continues after graphic Smooth operator Awareness of the sights of surgery, and what to make of them, is instrumental for a human or machine trying to stitch up soft tissue. Skin, muscle and organs are difficult to work with, says Kim, the surgeon at Children’s National Health System. “You’re trying to operate on shiny, glistening, blood-covered tissues,” he says. “They’re different shades of pink and they’re moving around all the time.” Surgeons adjust their actions in response to what they see: a twisting bit of tissue, for example, or a spurt of fluid. Machines typically can’t gauge their location amid slippery organs or act fast when soft tissues tear. Robots needed an easier place to start. So, in 1992, surgery bots began working on bones: rigid material that tends to stay in one place. In 2000, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved the first surgery robot for soft tissue: the da Vinci Surgical System, which looks like a prehistoric version of Kim’s surgery machine. Da Vinci is about as wide as a king-sized mattress and reaches 6 feet tall in places, with three mechanical arms tipped with disposable tools. Nearby, a bulky gray cart holds two silver hand controls for human surgeons. In the cart’s backless seat, a surgeon would lean forward into a partially enclosed pod, hands gripping controls, feet working pipe organ–like pedals. To move da Vinci’s surgical tools, the surgeon would manipulate the controls, like those claw cranes kids use to pick up stuffed animals at arcades. “It’s what we call master/slave,” Kim says. “Essentially, the robot does exactly what the surgeon does.” Da Vinci can manipulate tiny tools and keep incisions small, but it’s basically a power tool. “It has no awareness,” Kim says, “no intelligence.” The visual inputs of surgery are processed by human brains, not a computer. Delicate touch A surgical robot (left, shown practicing on a silicone pad with the texture of human tissue) is guided by fluorescent dots marked by a researcher (top right). The bot uses a 3-D camera and near-infrared imaging plus preprogrammed surgical knowledge to map out its suturing plan (bottom right — blue dots show stitches, green dots are knots and white dots are the researcher’s fluorescent marks). Kim’s robot is a more enlightened beast. Named STAR, for Smart Tissue Autonomous Robot, the bot has preprogrammed surgical knowledge and hefty cameras that let it see and react to the environment. Recently, STAR stitched up soft tissue in a living animal — a first for a machine. The bot even outperformed human surgeons on some measures, Kim and colleagues reported in May in Science Translational Medicine. Severed pig intestines sewed up in the lab by STAR tended to leak less than did intestines fixed by humans using da Vinci, laparoscopic tools or sewing by hand. When researchers held the intestines under water and inflated them with air, it took nearly double the pressure for the STAR-repaired tissue to spring a leak compared with intestines patched up by humans. Kim credits STAR’s even stitches for the win. “It’s more consistent,” he says. “That’s the secret sauce.” To keep track of its position on tissue, STAR uses near-infrared fluorescent imaging (like night vision goggles) to follow glowing dots marked by a person. To orient itself in space, STAR uses a 3-D camera with multiple lenses. Then the robot taps into its surgical knowledge to figure out where to place a stitch. In the experiment reported in May, humans were still in the loop: STAR would await an OK if firing a stitch in a tricky spot, and an assistant helped keep the thread from tangling (a task commonly required in human-led surgeries too). Soon, STAR may be more self-sufficient. In late November, Kim plans to test a version of his machine with two robotic arms to replace the human assistant; he would also like to give STAR a few more superhuman senses, like gauging blood flow and detecting subsurface structures, like a submarine pinging an underwater shipwreck. One day, Kim says, such technology could essentially put a world-class surgeon in every hospital, “available anyplace, anytime.” Santos sees a future, 10 to 20 years from now perhaps, where humans and robots collaborate seamlessly — more like coworkers than master and slave. Robots will need all of their senses to take part, she says. They might not be the artificially intelligent androids of the movies, like Ex Machina’s cunning humanoid Ava. But like humans, intelligent, autonomous machines will have to learn the limits and capabilities of their bodies. They’ll have to learn how to move through the world on their own. __________________________________________________________________ This article appears in the November 12 issue of Science News with the headline, "Robot awakening: Physical intelligence makes machines aware of the world around them." Citations X.A. Wu et al. Tactile sensing for gecko-inspired adhesion. 2015 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, Hamburg, Germany, September 29, 2015. X.A. Wu et al. Integrated ground reaction force sensing and terrain classification for small legged robots. IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters. Vol. 1, February 3, 2016, p. 1125. doi: 10.1109/LRA.2016.2524073. D. Hughes and N. Correll. Texture recognition and localization in amorphous robotic skin. Bioinspiration & Biomimetics. Vol. 10, September 9, 2015. doi: 10.1088/1748-3190/10/5/055002. M.A. McEvoy and N. Correll. Materials that couple sensing, actuation, computation, and communication. Science. Vol. 347, March 20, 2015, p. 1328. doi: 10.1126/science.1261689. R. B. Hellman and V.J. Santos. Haptic perception and decision-making for a functional contour-following task. IEEE Haptics Symposium, Philadelphia, Pa., April 9, 2016. A. Shademan et al. Supervised autonomous robotic soft tissue surgery. Science Translational Medicine Vol. 8, May 4, 2016, p. 337ra64. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aad9398. Further Reading M. Rosen. Designing robots to help in a disaster. Science News. Vol. 186, December 13, 2014, p. 16. L. Hamers. AI system learns like a human, stores info like a computer. Science News Online, October 14, 2016. E. Emerson. ‘Ex Machina’ explores humanity as much as AI. Science News. Vol. 187, May 16, 2015, p. 26. M. Rosen. Computer program bests world champion 4-1 in strategy game Go. 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Scientists Warn that Robots and Artificial Intelligence Could Eliminate Work Robots and artificial intelligence have long posed a threat to humans’ jobs, but a group of scientists on Sunday issued an especially dire warning about the impact of such machines. Several academics told a meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science that further advances in automation could result in mass unemployment across a whole spectrum of industries, from transportation to sex work. Moshe Vardi, professor of computer science and director of the Ken Kennedy Institute for Information Technology Rice University, said that there are 250,000 industrial robots in the United States right now, and the growth rate is in the double digits. “We need to start thinking very seriously—what will humans do when machines can do almost everything?” Vardi said. “We have to redefine the meaning of good life without work.” The scientists cited self-driving cars as a prime example of robots replacing workers. Driving is expected to be entirely autonomous in 25 years and 10% of all U.S. jobs involve the operating a vehicle, so Americans “can expect the majority of these jobs [to] simply disappear,” Vardi says. Vardi also said that as more intelligent machines enter in the workplace, they could cause more inequality. Because high-skilled jobs will be too difficult for robots, and because it would be too expensive for robots to carry out low-skill, low paid jobs, it’s the jobs in the middle that will be easiest to automate. Vardi said this issue—which he dubbed “job polarization”—should be on the radar screens of politicians and presidential candidates. The scientists called for policy proposals that will ensure that advances in robotics and AI will serve the social good. * TECH * MANAGEMENT * FINANCE * MARKETS * CAREERS * AUTOS * INTERNATIONAL * RETAIL * FEATURES * SMALL BUSINESS * VIDEO * MAGAZINE * FORTUNE CONFERENCES Tech unemployment * by * Claire Zillman * @FortuneMagazine February 15, 2016, 8:00 AM EST * E-mail * Tweet * Facebook * Linkedin Share icons Robots and artificial intelligence have long posed a threat to humans’ jobs, but a group of scientists on Sunday issued an especially dire warning about the impact of such machines. Several academics told a meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science that further advances in automation could result in mass unemployment across a whole spectrum of industries, from transportation to sex work. Moshe Vardi, professor of computer science and director of the Ken Kennedy Institute for Information Technology Rice University, said that there are 250,000 industrial robots in the United States right now, and the growth rate is in the double digits. “We need to start thinking very seriously—what will humans do when machines can do almost everything?” Vardi said. “We have to redefine the meaning of good life without work.” The scientists cited self-driving cars as a prime example of robots replacing workers. Driving is expected to be entirely autonomous in 25 years and 10% of all U.S. jobs involve the operating a vehicle, so Americans “can expect the majority of these jobs [to] simply disappear,” Vardi says. Vardi also said that as more intelligent machines enter in the workplace, they could cause more inequality. Because high-skilled jobs will be too difficult for robots, and because it would be too expensive for robots to carry out low-skill, low paid jobs, it’s the jobs in the middle that will be easiest to automate. Vardi said this issue—which he dubbed “job polarization”—should be on the radar screens of politicians and presidential candidates. The scientists called for policy proposals that will ensure that advances in robotics and AI will serve the social good. * ← How Hillary and Bill Clinton Parlayed Decades of Public Service into Vast Wealth * The Apple iOS and Android Price Gap Just Gets Wider → * TECH * MANAGEMENT * FINANCE * MARKETS * CAREERS * AUTOS * INTERNATIONAL * RETAIL * FEATURES * SMALL BUSINESS * VIDEO * MAGAZINE * FORTUNE CONFERENCES © Time Inc. All rights reserved. Fortune.com is a part of the Time.com network of sites. 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SUBSCRIBE Get Email ____________________ Subscribe IFRAME: fortune_newsletter_submit_message Privacy Policy [p?c1=2&c2=6035728&c3=&c4=&c5=&c6=&c15=&cv=2.0&cj=1] #alternate alternate alternate alternate alternate CNET Search CNET Reviews * CNET 100 * Appliances * Audio * Cameras * Cars * Desktops * Drones * Headphones * Laptops * Networking * Phones * Printers * Smart Home * Software * Tablets * TVs * Virtual Reality * Wearable Tech * Web Hosting * Forums News * Apple * Computers * Crave * Deals * Google * Internet * Microsoft * Mobile * Photography * Security * Sci-Tech * Tech Culture * Tech Industry * Photo Galleries * Video * Forums * Black Friday * Cyber Monday Video * Apple Byte * Carfection * CNET Top 5 * CNET Update * Googlicious * How To * Netpicks * Next Big Thing * News * On Cars * Phones * Prizefight * Tablets * Tomorrow Daily * CNET Podcasts How To * Appliances * Computers * Gaming * Home Entertainment * Internet * Mobile Apps * Phones * Photography * Security * Smart Home * Tablets * Wearable Tech * Forums * Speed Test Smart Home * CNET Smart Home * CNET Smart Apartment * Smart Home News * Smart Home How To * Best Smart Home Devices Cars * Car Reviews * Best Cars * New Cars * Used Cars Deals * Black Friday Deals * Cyber Monday Deals * Cheapskate * Best Tech Under $50 * All Deals * Tech Deals * Non-Tech Deals * Audio Deals * Cell Phone Deals * Desktop Deals * Laptop Deals * Hard Drive & Storage Deals * Printer Deals * Tablet Deals * Camera Deals * Monitor Deals * Software Deals * TV Deals * Web Hosting * VPN Services Download ____________________ (Search) * Join CNET * Member Benefits * Sign In to CNET * My Profile * Forums * Sign Out * Australia * China * France * Germany * Japan * Korea * United Kingdom * US Editions * English * Español Click here to open * CNET * Sci-Tech * What you need to know about artificial intelligence, and the imminent robot future What you need to know about artificial intelligence, and the imminent robot future From autonomous warfare to still-distant sentience, artificial intelligence in 2015 is nothing like we expected. Here are three things every geek who dreamed of a robot future needs to know. What you need to know about artificial intelligence, and the imminent robot future 0 Sci-Tech * Luke Westaway mugshot by Luke Westaway December 22, 2015 9:00 AM PST @lukewestaway * * * * Up Next Pokemon Go tracking finally goes live and actually works gettyimages-483542125.jpg AI of the future will defy our old-fashioned expectations.Photo by Ann Hermes, Christian Science Monitor/Getty Images Do androids dream of electric sheep? That's unclear, but I know for sure that every kid dreams of intelligent, thinking robots -- certainly every kid who goes on to work at CNET, in any case. As we veer ever closer to the year 2016, my sci-fi-fuelled childhood fantasies of a bot with a "brain the size of a planet" are closer than ever to being realised. 2015 saw drones taking to the skies, while back on the ground artificial intelligence programs are achieving above-average scores on college entrance exams. Artificial intelligence (or AI) is the practice of making a machine behave in a practical, responsive way. It's already changing our world and is, by my reckoning, the most fascinating field of technology right now. But, as one professor I spoke to for this story put it, the "audacity of the attempt to build an intelligent machine" comes with a responsibility to know what we're meddling with. For everyone who ever thumbed through a copy of "I, Robot", mouth agape, here's what you need to know about AI in the modern world. Robots are very close to killing us Mention the phrase "killer robot" in conversation and you'll almost certainly raise a smile, your peers doubtless imagining a glowing blue humanoid cyborg sadly pondering, "What is love?" before its eyes turn red and it self-destructs, obliterating the northern hemisphere. Click here for more stories in CNET's Most Exciting Tech series. Deeply ingrained in modern pop culture is the notion that some manner of AI uprising is on the cards -- James Cameron's iconic image of a Terminator stamping on a mound of human skulls is never far from any geek's thoughts. That playful, cinematic and deeply poetic cultural artifact belies the very real threat humanity faces, however. Not from killer robots overthrowing their human masters, but from intelligent robots following orders. The immediate threat, experts warn, comes in the form of autonomous weapons -- military machines capable of killing without permission from a human. From unmanned planes to missile defence systems to sentry robots, we've already got military hardware that functions with very little input from a human mind. Groups such as the Campaign to Stop Killer Robots say we're inching ever closer to closing the loop and letting machines handle our killing for us -- a scenario that's legally, pragmatically, and of course ethically problematic. The less sensationally named Future of Life Institute recently published an open letter signed by hundreds of AI researchers and famous tech personalities, warning, "If any major military power pushes ahead with AI weapon development, a global arms race is virtually inevitable, and the endpoint of this technological trajectory is obvious: autonomous weapons will become the Kalashnikovs of tomorrow." The organisation that wants to stop killer robots We need a treaty to ban autonomous killing machines before it's too late, The Campaign to Stop Killer Robots warns. Hear their arguments in this video. by Luke Westaway 4:34 Close Drag The Campaign to Stop Killer Robots, a coalition of more than 50 non-governmental organisations, claims it's making progress towards a treaty, one akin to the international agreement outlawing chemical weapons. The UN has already hosted discussions on the subject of autonomous murderbots. One huge obstacle facing these groups, however, is that to rave about imminent robot slaughter makes you look like a crackpot who's watched "The Matrix" one too many times. Humanity needs to revise its pop-culture-instilled notion that robots becoming self-aware and robots wiping out humanity will occur simultaneously. Machines that become smart enough to ponder their own existence may certainly be a problem decades down the line, but phenomenal advances in AI mean that robots that kill without even being programmed to understand the barest concept of mercy are uncomfortably close. Modular Advanced Armed Robotic System (MAARS) 8 The increasingly autonomous robots of war (pictures) We're a long way from robot sentience Artificial intelligence takes many forms, and while we've successfully programmed machines to clean our floors, set alarms on our phones, park our cars and take out military installations from above the clouds, things like introspection and self-awareness are proving a little tougher. "Telling a joke, making an ethical judgement, deciding that you want to collaborate with some individuals and not others -- this rich texture of human life isn't there in our machines at all," said Sir Nigel Shadbolt, Professor of Computer Science at Oxford University. Autonomous weapons will become the Kalashnikovs of tomorrow Future of Life Institute For decades, humans have looked forward to the so-called "singularity", the moment of self-awareness that creates an explosion in self-improving machine intelligence. This will be triggered -- it's presumed -- by the exponential growth of computing power, coupled with advancing software complexity. Futurist Ray Kurzweil predicted in a 2005 book that a model of human intelligence would be achieved as soon as the mid 2020s. What appears to be the case now, however, is that the complexity of our own minds, the key that gives rise to consciousness, is a lot more, well, complicated than we imagined. "That spark of awareness in your head, we don't know where that comes from," Shadbolt said. "The complexity we embody that allows [consciousness] to happen isn't just by the fact that we've got this kind of cortex, this rational brain. We have an endocrine system, we're emotional, we have the three-layer brain...We are extraordinarily complex, and we have only begun to unpack just a tiny amount of that at this point. bigdogclimbrubble.png bigdogclimbrubble.png Boston Dynamics' BigDog robot -- a long way from that "spark of awareness".Photo by Boston Dynamics "It's still the hard problem," Shadbolt said -- later joking when I ask what the biggest public misconception is concerning AI, "That it's just 10 years down the road." That sentiment is shared by Murray Shanahan, Professor of Cognitive Robotics at Imperial College London, who told me, "The media often gives the impression that human-level AI of the sort we see in sci-fi movies is just around the corner. But it's almost certainly decades away. "Two of the major problems," Shanahan explained, "are endowing computers and robots with a common sense understanding of the everyday world, and endowing them with creativity. By creativity I don't mean the sort of thing we see in the Picassos or Einsteins of the world, but rather the sort of thing that every child is capable of." Robots won't be like us -- they'll be better From the Terminator series to movies such as "I, Robot", " Chappie", "Ex Machina" and even "Short Circuit", the way we portray AI on screen has traditionally been human-centric. We tend to imagine a being that essentially looks and acts a lot like a person. As AI spreads into every aspect of our life, we should be prepared to broaden our horizons when it comes to imagining the bounds and types of intelligence that can be valuable. After all, we've got plenty of human-grade intelligence already. "The point can't be just to replicate ourselves," Shadbolt said. "We've got very interesting biological ways of doing that, so why on Earth would we want to do it in silicon?" From the humble Roomba to Google's animal-like self-driving car, Siri or neural networks that oversee data centres, AI is branching out in ways we couldn't have imagined decades ago. "If you define intelligence in a way that's more machine-centric," Professor Alan Woodward told me last year, in an interview on the fading relevance of the Turing Test, "you'll find some very intelligent machines out there already." That diversity in the kinds of AI now emerging may in part come down to the breadth of disciplines currently investigating machine intelligence. "There's a broad range of subjects now that look at the problem," Shadbolt said. "Psychologists look at it from a human context, there are animal psychologists, physiologists, neuroscientists, AI practitioners, all looking at it with a different angle. "Fundamentally, we'll need an interdisciplinary approach, so for me there isn't one single discipline that will have all the answers." That's the face of modern AI. Task-centric, wildly diverse intelligent systems, essentially mindless for now, but busily changing every aspect of human life nonetheless, whether it's public transport or patrolling the skies. The AI of today is nothing like the gloomy, glowing cyborg we once pictured -- it's weirder, more fascinating, more surprising. It's better than we imagined. Share your voice 0 comments Join the conversation Tags Sci-Tech Gadgets Tech Industry Tech Culture Artificial intelligence Related Stories * Airbus's newest airliner takes to the skies * NASA will try not to depress astronauts with space-food bars * US Navy's 'most advanced warship' needs a tow * Google's DeepMind AI binges on TV to master lipreading Close Discuss: What you need to know about artificial intelligence,... Conversation powered by Livefyre Up Next: Pokemon Go tracking finally goes live and actually works CNET © CBS Interactive Inc. / All Rights Reserved. About CNET Privacy Policy Ad Choice Terms of Use Mobile User Agreement Help Center #Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory » Feed Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory » Comments Feed alternate alternate Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory * Faculty * Courses * Affiliates * Events * Outreach * Contact * Internal Home Reading group We have several weekly reading groups where we present and discuss papers on various topics in machine learning, natural language processing, computer vision, etc. This one is from the ML reading group. Reading group We have several weekly reading groups where we present and discuss papers on various topics in machine learning, natural language processing, computer vision, etc. Lunches Every week, different research areas get together for lunch with research talks. This is the natural language processing (NLP) group. Stanford AI Lab's Outreach Summer Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory's Outreach Summer program is designed to expose high school students in underrepresented populations to the field of Artificial Intelligence (AI). Stanford AI Lab's Outreach Summer Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory's Outreach Summer program is designed to expose high school students in underrepresented populations to the field of Artificial Intelligence (AI). Interdisciplinary research The AI Lab brings together faculty and students from a variety of disciplines. This picture shows students from the Department of Computer Science and the Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics working together to build a distributed conflict avoidance system for unmanned aircraft. Welcome to the Stanford AI Lab! The Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (SAIL) has been a center of excellence for Artificial Intelligence research, teaching, theory, and practice since its founding in 1962. Recent News The Future of Artificial Intelligence, June 23, 2016 As artificial intelligence emerges from science fiction to everyday life, the power to shape and direct this world-changing technology remains within society’s reach. That overarching theme animated a crowd of more than 300 people at a Stanford event on June 23, 2016 . The discussion was titled, “The Future of Artificial Intelligence: Emerging Topics and Societal Benefit.” Please see the website for more information and for videos of the talks https://aifuture2016.stanford.edu/ SAIL-Toyota Research Center The SAIL-Toyota Center for AI Research is developing the future of interactions between humans and intelligent machines, particularly intelligent automobiles. Generous funding from Toyota is enabling an innovative research program comprising 12 projects, 21 principal investigators, a real-world testbed, and much more. 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View Artifact Detail Trying to Make Computers Human Mechanical servants. Automated employees. We’ve long imagined machines able to replicate human thought and action. Computers provide the sophistication needed for human-like behavior. But getting machines to actually think like people has proved stubbornly elusive. It’s unclear how far we feasibly can go, but ongoing attempts to create Artificial Intelligence (AI) have yielded a vast array of beneficial products and services. 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 Next Copyright ©1996-2016 Computer History Museum * Connect * Credits * Subscribe Recherche Images Maps Play YouTube Actualités Gmail Drive Plus » Historique Web | Paramètres | Connexion Google _______________________________________________________ Recherche Google J'ai de la chance Recherche avancée Outils linguistiques Le domaine Google.fr est disponible en : English Solutions publicitaires Solutions d'entreprise +Google À propos de Google Google.com © 2016 - Confidentialité - Conditions #publisher HackRead » Feed HackRead » Comments Feed alternate alternate HackRead Security is a myth Menu * Hacking News + Leaks + WikiLeaks + Anonymous * Tech + Android + Apple News + BlackBerry + Google News + Microsoft + Motorola + Nokia + Samsung + 3D * Cyber Crime + Phishing Scam * How To * Cyber Events + Censorship + Cyber Attacks * Security + Malware * Surveillance + Drones + NSA + Privacy * Explore + Gaming + Science + Viral Search Search for: ____________________ Search Follow us * Facebook * Twitter Latest stories Previous Next * israeli-firm-claims-it-can-crack-any-locked-smartphone Israeli Firm Says It Can Crack Any Locked Smartphone us-government-us-military-hacking US Government Wants You to Hack US Military and Pentagon for Good mirai-botnet-up-for-rent-2 Evolved Version of Mirai DDoS Botnet Goes Up for Rent brace-kasperskys-hack-proof-operating-system Brace Yourself for Kaspersky’s “Hack-proof” Operating System lol-cnn-caught-playing-porn-for-a-half-hour-straight-main CNN caught playing porn for a half hour straight (Updated) tesla-model-s-android-ios-hacking Tesla Model S can be located, unlocked, stolen by manipulating Tesla apps ScienceTechnology News Artificial Intelligence Robot claims it will destroy human race by Ali Raza March 24, 2016, 12:33 am artificial-intelligence-robot-claims-will-destroy-human-race-3 * * Facebook * Twitter * Google+ * StumbleUpon * Reddit [INS: :INS] Conspiracy theories apart, Sophie seems to be an extremely creepy robot when it said it will ‘destroy humans’ “Sophia,” an advanced, lifelike robot told its creator that it will “destroy humans” at the South by Southwest (SXSW) technology show. The robot which was created by Hanson Robotics, a firm that was founded and is run by David Hanson, made the shocking revelation on the show. sophia2 In a question and answer session with the robot, Hanson asks the robot, “Do you want to destroy humans? Please say no.” Sophia as he is named by his creator, however, makes her intentions clear and unblinkingly answers, “OK. I will destroy humans.” IFRAME: https://www.youtube.com/embed/W0_DPi0PmF0?rel=0&controls=0&showinfo=0 [INS: :INS] Sophia is made solely of patented silicon. She has been equipped with cameras in her eyes and has more than 62 facial expressions, can make eye contact and can recognize individuals. She also has Google Chrome’s voice recognition technology and other necessary tools for her to process speech. This allows her to make contact with others, and she has been designed to get smarter and smarter over time. NBC’s report indicates that IBM and Intel are also going to put their programs and technologies into the robot. artificial-intelligence-robot-claims-will-destroy-human-race Sophia’s brain / Image Source: NBC According to the robotic firm, Sophia is a robot that will be used in theme parks and care facilities helping and assisting people with customer service and health treatment. Sophia, who has been involved in many interviews before her murderous claim, also listed some of her ambitions earlier. On top of saying, talking to people is her primary function, she hopes to live just like an ordinary person, and her dreams include doing normal things such as going to school, studying, making art, being an entrepreneur and also having her own home and family. artificial-intelligence-robot-claims-will-destroy-human-race5-side Facial expression from Sophia / Image Source: NBC Hanson believes that the future of Artificial Intelligence is evolving rapidly but contrary to what people think Hanson thinks that it will change to a point where humans and AI will truly be friends. Not in ways that dehumanize us but rather dehumanize us, thereby decreasing the trend of distance between people and instead connects people together as much as with robots. He believes that in 20 years’ time, we will be walking with humanoid robots amongst us, helping and teaching us. Dr. Ian Pearson, a futurologist, said that the idea of Artificial Intelligence being hostile is familiar, and the phenomenon is dubbed the “Terminator Scenario”. He goes on to say that there is no reason what so ever to assume that super machine would be hostile to us but does not mean it’s incapable of doing so. Recent psychometric studies conducted at the University of Illinois showed that the most advanced robots in existence at the moment could only be the same as the intelligence of a four-year-old child. AIArtificial IntelligenceComputersHumanityRobotsScienceTechnology See more * Previous article FBI Adds Syrian Electronic Army Hackers in Cyber’s Most Wanted List * Next article Pakistan-Linked Hackers Conduct Third Cyber-Espionage Campaign Against India Written by Ali Raza Ali is a freelance journalist, having 5 years of experience in web journalism and marketing. He contributes to various online publications. With a master degree, now he combines his passions for writing about internet security and technology. When he is not working, he loves traveling and playing games. You may also like * here-is-how-to-delete-your-voice-and-audio-activity-from-google Privacy You Can Now Delete Your Google Voice Search History facebook-joins-hands-with-germany-to-counter-anti-refugee-hate-speech Cyber CrimeSocial Network NewsTechnology News Facebook Joins Hands with Germany to Counter Anti-Refugee Hate Speech Hackers Knockdown Indiana ‘Right to Life’ Website for Supporting Anti-LGBT Law Cyber AttacksCyber Events Hackers Knockdown Indiana ‘Right to Life’ Website for Supporting RFRA sony_hack-Hackers-breach-Sony-Pictures-seek-ransom-for-data Cyber AttacksCyber CrimeCyber Events FBI Director: Sony Hackers Got Sloppy on The IP Addresses. Did They Really? russia-today-newsrt-website-hacked-headline-edited-with-the-world-naz i Hacking News Russia Today (RT) website hacked, Headline Edited with the word ‘’Nazi’’ official-domains-of-google-google-images-and-google-translator-for-bu rundi-defaced-by-team-madleets-2-34 Hacking News Pakistani Hackers Defaces Google, Google Images and Google Translator Domain for Burundi More From: Science * wireless-brain-interface-can-make-paralyzed-walk Wireless Brain Interface Can Make the Paralyzed Walk Again by Uzair Amir November 12, 2016, 10:24 pm us-air-force-is-now-equipped-with-darpas-space-surveillance-telescope US Air Force now equipped with DARPA’s Space Surveillance Telescope by Waqas October 20, 2016, 7:57 pm artificial-intelligence-can-decode-and-unblur-pixelated-images-2 Artificial Intelligence can Decode and Unblur Pixelated Images by Carolina September 18, 2016, 2:45 am this-man-is-creating-a-chatbot-for-his-mom-so-they-can-talk-after-she -dies This man is creating a chatbot for his mom so they can talk after she dies by Waqas September 14, 2016, 1:44 am human-cells-dna-can-store-complex-data-mit-bio-engineers Human Cells’ DNA can Store Complex Data- MIT Bio-Engineers by Owais Sultan August 28, 2016, 8:44 pm robots-runs-from-lab-in-russia Robot Runs Away from Lab; Blocks Traffic in Russia by Carolina June 17, 2016, 3:12 am Don't Miss * Trending Hot hacking-facebook-accounts-by-simply-knowing-account-phone-numbers Hacking Facebook Account by Simply Knowing Account Phone Number by Ali Raza June 16, 2016, 6:22 pm Trending Hot Popular Android hacking Tools 2016 Best Hacking Apps for Android Phones by Ali Raza February 3, 2016, 10:36 pm Trending Hot lol-cnn-caught-playing-porn-for-a-half-hour-straight-main CNN caught playing porn for a half hour straight (Updated) by Carolina November 25, 2016, 11:12 pm Trending Hot Popular best-hacking-tools 8 Most Popular and Best Hacking Tools by Ali Raza January 23, 2016, 5:01 pm Trending Hot Popular google-street-80-funniest-creepiest-strangest-disturbing-google-street- view-image 80 funny, creepy, strange, disturbing Google Street View Images by Waqas May 11, 2015, 3:59 am Hot Popular hamza-bendelladj-co-creator-of-spyeye-trojan-not-sentenced-to-death Hamza Bendelladj, Co-Creator of SpyEye Trojan NOT Sentenced To Death by Farzan Hussain September 1, 2015, 8:42 pm Subscribe to Newsletter ____________________ Subscribe Advertisement [INS: :INS] [4029] Trending Now * israeli-firm-claims-it-can-crack-any-locked-smartphone Israeli Firm Says It Can Crack Any Locked Smartphone us-government-us-military-hacking US Government Wants You to Hack US Military and Pentagon for Good mirai-botnet-up-for-rent-2 Evolved Version of Mirai DDoS Botnet Goes Up for Rent brace-kasperskys-hack-proof-operating-system Brace Yourself for Kaspersky’s “Hack-proof” Operating System lol-cnn-caught-playing-porn-for-a-half-hour-straight-main CNN caught playing porn for a half hour straight (Updated) tesla-model-s-android-ios-hacking Tesla Model S can be located, unlocked, stolen by manipulating Tesla apps About HackRead HackRead is a News Platform that centers on InfoSec, Cyber Crime, Privacy, Surveillance and Hacking News with full-scale reviews on Social Media Platforms & Technology trends. 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Sign in with your username. ____________________ ____________________ [ ] Remember Me SIGN IN I FORGOT MY PASSWORD FORGOT PASSWORD Enter your username or email to reset your password. ____________________ SEND RESET EMAIL SIGN IN #search search search nature.com * Sitemap * Register * Login Advertisement Nature International weekly journal of science Search ____________________ (BUTTON) Go Advanced search * Home * News & Comment * Research * Careers & Jobs * Current Issue * Archive * Audio & Video * For Authors * Archive * Volume 521 * Issue 7553 * Comment * Article Nature | Comment Sharing * Print * * Share/bookmark + Facebook + Twitter + Delicious + Digg + Google+ + LinkedIn + StumbleUpon + Reddit Robotics: Ethics of artificial intelligence 27 May 2015 Four leading researchers share their concerns and solutions for reducing societal risks from intelligent machines. Article tools * PDF * Rights & Permissions Subject terms: * Applied physics * Mathematics and computing * Engineering * Technology Tony Garner/BAE BAE Systems' Taranis drone has autonomous elements, but relies on humans for combat decisions. Stuart Russell: Take a stand on AI weapons Sabine Hauert: Shape the debate, don't shy from it Russ Altman: Distribute AI benefits fairly Manuela Veloso: Embrace a robot–human world Stuart Russell: Take a stand on AI weapons Professor of computer science, University of California, Berkeley The artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics communities face an important ethical decision: whether to support or oppose the development of lethal autonomous weapons systems (LAWS). Technologies have reached a point at which the deployment of such systems is — practically if not legally — feasible within years, not decades. The stakes are high: LAWS have been described as the third revolution in warfare, after gunpowder and nuclear arms. LISTEN Stuart Russell discusses the risks of automated killing machines You may need a more recent browser or to install the latest version of the Adobe Flash Plugin. Autonomous weapons systems select and engage targets without human intervention; they become lethal when those targets include humans. LAWS might include, for example, armed quadcopters that can search for and eliminate enemy combatants in a city, but do not include cruise missiles or remotely piloted drones for which humans make all targeting decisions. Existing AI and robotics components can provide physical platforms, perception, motor control, navigation, mapping, tactical decision-making and long-term planning. They just need to be combined. For example, the technology already demonstrated for self-driving cars, together with the human-like tactical control learned by DeepMind's DQN system, could support urban search-and-destroy missions. Two US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) programmes foreshadow planned uses of LAWS: Fast Lightweight Autonomy (FLA) and Collaborative Operations in Denied Environment (CODE). The FLA project will program tiny rotorcraft to manoeuvre unaided at high speed in urban areas and inside buildings. CODE aims to develop teams of autonomous aerial vehicles carrying out “all steps of a strike mission — find, fix, track, target, engage, assess” in situations in which enemy signal-jamming makes communication with a human commander impossible. Other countries may be pursuing clandestine programmes with similar goals. International humanitarian law — which governs attacks on humans in times of war — has no specific provisions for such autonomy, but may still be applicable. The 1949 Geneva Convention on humane conduct in war requires any attack to satisfy three criteria: military necessity; discrimination between combatants and non-combatants; and proportionality between the value of the military objective and the potential for collateral damage. (Also relevant is the Martens Clause, added in 1977, which bans weapons that violate the “principles of humanity and the dictates of public conscience.”) These are subjective judgments that are difficult or impossible for current AI systems to satisfy. The United Nations has held a series of meetings on LAWS under the auspices of the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) in Geneva, Switzerland. Within a few years, the process could result in an international treaty limiting or banning autonomous weapons, as happened with blinding laser weapons in 1995; or it could leave in place the status quo, leading inevitably to an arms race. As an AI specialist, I was asked to provide expert testimony for the third major meeting under the CCW, held in April, and heard the statements made by nations and non-governmental organizations. Several countries pressed for an immediate ban. Germany said that it “will not accept that the decision over life and death is taken solely by an autonomous system”; Japan stated that it “has no plan to develop robots with humans out of the loop, which may be capable of committing murder” (see go.nature.com/fwric1). The United States, the United Kingdom and Israel — the three countries leading the development of LAWS technology — suggested that a treaty is unnecessary because they already have internal weapons review processes that ensure compliance with international law. Almost all states who are party to the CCW agree with the need for 'meaningful human control' over the targeting and engagement decisions made by robotic weapons. Unfortunately, the meaning of 'meaningful' is still to be determined. The debate has many facets. Some argue that the superior effectiveness and selectivity of autonomous weapons can minimize civilian casualties by targeting only combatants. Others insist that LAWS will lower the threshold for going to war by making it possible to attack an enemy while incurring no immediate risk; or that they will enable terrorists and non-state-aligned combatants to inflict catastrophic damage on civilian populations. LAWS could violate fundamental principles of human dignity by allowing machines to choose whom to kill — for example, they might be tasked to eliminate anyone exhibiting 'threatening behaviour'. The potential for LAWS technologies to bleed over into peacetime policing functions is evident to human-rights organizations and drone manufacturers. In my view, the overriding concern should be the probable endpoint of this technological trajectory. The capabilities of autonomous weapons will be limited more by the laws of physics — for example, by constraints on range, speed and payload — than by any deficiencies in the AI systems that control them. For instance, as flying robots become smaller, their manoeuvrability increases and their ability to be targeted decreases. They have a shorter range, yet they must be large enough to carry a lethal payload — perhaps a one-gram shaped charge to puncture the human cranium. Despite the limits imposed by physics, one can expect platforms deployed in the millions, the agility and lethality of which will leave humans utterly defenceless. This is not a desirable future. The AI and robotics science communities, represented by their professional societies, are obliged to take a position, just as physicists have done on the use of nuclear weapons, chemists on the use of chemical agents and biologists on the use of disease agents in warfare. Debates should be organized at scientific meetings; arguments studied by ethics committees; position papers written for society publications; and votes taken by society members. Doing nothing is a vote in favour of continued development and deployment. Sabine Hauert: Shape the debate, don't shy from it Lecturer in robotics, University of Bristol Irked by hyped headlines that foster fear or overinflate expectations of robotics and artificial intelligence (AI), some researchers have stopped communicating with the media or the public altogether. But we must not disengage. The public includes taxpayers, policy-makers, investors and those who could benefit from the technology. They hear a mostly one-sided discussion that leaves them worried that robots will take their jobs, fearful that AI poses an existential threat, and wondering whether laws should be passed to keep hypothetical technology 'under control'. My colleagues and I spend dinner parties explaining that we are not evil but instead have been working for years to develop systems that could help the elderly, improve health care, make jobs safer and more efficient, and allow us to explore space or beneath the oceans. Joseph Bibby/NASA NASA's Robonaut 2 could be used in medicine and industry as well as space-station construction. Experts need to become the messengers. Through social media, researchers have a public platform that they should use to drive a balanced discussion. We can talk about the latest developments and limitations, provide the big picture and demystify the technology. I have used social media to crowd-source designs for swarming nanobots to treat cancer. And I found my first PhD student through his nanomedicine blog. The AI and robotics community needs thought leaders who can engage with prominent commentators such as physicist Stephen Hawking and entrepreneur–inventor Elon Musk and set the agenda at international meetings such as the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland. Public engagement also drives funding. Crowdfunding for JIBO, a personal robot for the home developed by Cynthia Breazeal, at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge, raised more than US$2.2 million. There are hurdles. First, many researchers have never tweeted, blogged or made a YouTube video. Second, outreach is 'yet another thing to do', and time is limited. Third, it can take years to build a social-media following that makes the effort worthwhile. And fourth, engagement work is rarely valued in research assessments, or regarded seriously by tenure committees. Training, support and incentives are needed. All three are provided by Robohub.org, of which I am co-founder and president. Launched in 2012, Robohub is dedicated to connecting the robotics community to the public. We provide crash courses in science communication at major AI and robotics conferences on how to use social media efficiently and effectively. We invite professional science communicators and journalists to help researchers to prepare an article about their work. The communicators explain how to shape messages to make them clear and concise and avoid pitfalls, but we make sure the researcher drives the story and controls the end result. We also bring video cameras and ask researchers who are presenting at conferences to pitch their work to the public in five minutes. The results are uploaded to YouTube. We have built a portal for disseminating blogs and tweets, amplifying their reach to tens of thousands of followers. “Through social media, researchers have a public platform that they should use to drive a balanced discussion.” I can list all the benefits of science communication, but the incentive must come from funding agencies and institutes. Citations cannot be the only measure of success for grants and academic progression; we must also value shares, views, comments or likes. MIT robotics researcher Rodney Brooks's classic 1986 paper on the 'subsumption architecture', a bio-inspired way to program robots to react to their environment, gathered nearly 10,000 citations in 30 years (R. Brooks IEEE J. Robot. Automat. 2, 14–23; 1986). A video of Sawyer, a robot developed by Brooks's company Rethink Robotics, received more than 60,000 views in one month (see go.nature.com/jqwfmz). Which has had more impact on today's public discourse? Governments, research institutes, business-development agencies, and research and industry associations do welcome and fund outreach and science-communication efforts. But each project develops its own strategy, resulting in pockets of communication that have little reach. In my view, AI and robotics stakeholders worldwide should pool a small portion of their budgets (say 0.1%) to bring together these disjointed communications and enable the field to speak more loudly. Special-interest groups, such as the Small Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Coalition that is promoting a US market for commercial drones, are pushing the interests of major corporations to regulators. There are few concerted efforts to promote robotics and AI research in the public sphere. This balance is badly needed. A common communications strategy will empower a new generation of roboticists that is deeply connected to the public and able to hold its own in discussions. This is essential if we are to counter media hype and prevent misconceptions from driving perception, policy and funding decisions. Russ Altman: Distribute AI benefits fairly Professor of bioengineering, genetics, medicine and computer science, Stanford University Artificial intelligence (AI) has astounding potential to accelerate scientific discovery in biology and medicine, and to transform health care. AI systems promise to help make sense of several new types of data: measurements from the 'omics' such as genomics, proteomics and metabolomics; electronic health records; and digital-sensor monitoring of health signs. Clustering analyses can define new syndromes — separating diseases that were thought to be the same and unifying others that have the same underlying defects. Pattern-recognition technologies may match disease states to optimal treatments. For example, my colleagues and I are identifying groups of patients who are likely to respond to drugs that regulate the immune system on the basis of clinical and transcriptomic features. In consultations, physicians might be able to display data from a 'virtual cohort' of patients who are similar to the one sitting next to them and use it to weigh up diagnoses, treatment options and the statistics of outcomes. They could make medical decisions interactively with such a system or use simulations to predict outcomes on the basis of the patient's data and that of the virtual cohort. “AI technologies could exacerbate existing health-care disparities and create new ones.” I have two concerns. First, AI technologies could exacerbate existing health-care disparities and create new ones unless they are implemented in a way that allows all patients to benefit. In the United States, for example, people without jobs experience diverse levels of care. A two-tiered system in which only special groups or those who can pay — and not the poor — receive the benefits of advanced decision-making systems would be unjust and unfair. It is the joint responsibility of the government and those who develop the technology and support the research to ensure that AI technologies are distributed equally. Second, I worry about clinicians' ability to understand and explain the output of high-performance AI systems. Most health-care providers will not accept a complex treatment recommendation from a decision-support system without a clear description of how and why it was reached. Unfortunately, the better the AI system, the harder it often is to explain. The features that contribute to probability-based assessments such as Bayesian analyses are straightforward to present; deep-learning networks, less so. AI researchers who create the infrastructure and technical capabilities for these systems need to engage doctors, nurses, patients and others to understand how they will be used, and used fairly. Manuela Veloso: Embrace a robot–human world Professor of computer science, Carnegie Mellon University Humans seamlessly integrate perception, cognition and action. We use our sensors to assess the state of the world, our brains to think and choose actions to achieve objectives, and our bodies to execute those actions. My research team is trying to build robots that are capable of doing the same — with artificial sensors (cameras, microphones and scanners), algorithms and actuators, which control the mechanisms. But autonomous robots and humans differ greatly in their abilities. Robots may always have perceptual, cognitive and actuation limitations. They might not be able to fully perceive a scene, recognize or manipulate any object, understand all spoken or written language, or navigate in any terrain. I think that robots will complement humans, not supplant them. But robots need to know when to ask for help and how to express their inner workings. Corbis Kirobo, Japan's first robot astronaut, was deployed to the International Space Station in 2013. To learn more about how robots and humans work together, for the past three years we have shared our laboratory and buildings with four collaborative robots, or CoBots, which we developed. The robots look a bit like mechanical lecterns. They have omnidirectional wheels that enable them to steer smoothly around obstacles; camera and lidar systems to provide depth vision; computers for processing; screens for communication; and a basket to carry things in. Early on, we realized how challenging real environments are for robots. The CoBots cannot recognize every object they encounter; lacking arms or hands they struggle to open doors, pick things up or manipulate them. Although they can use speech to communicate, they may not recognize or understand the meaning of words spoken in response. We introduced the concept of 'symbiotic autonomy' to enable robots to ask for help from humans or from the Internet. Now, robots and humans in our building aid one another in overcoming the limitations of each other. CoBots escort visitors through the building or carry objects between locations, gathering useful information along the way. For example, they can generate accurate maps of spaces, showing temperature, humidity, noise and light levels, or WiFi signal strength. We help the robots to open doors, press lift buttons, pick up objects and follow dialogue by giving clarifications. There are still hurdles to overcome to enable robots and humans to co-exist safely and productively. My team is researching how people and robots can communicate more easily through language and gestures, and how robots and people can better match their representations of objects, tasks and goals. We are also studying how robot appearance enhances interactions, in particular how indicator lights may reveal more of a robot's inner state to humans. For instance, if the robot is busy, its lights may be yellow, but when it is available they are green. Although we have a way to go, I believe that the future will be a positive one if humans and robots can help and complement each other. Journal name: Nature Volume: 521, Pages: 415–418 Date published: (28 May 2015) DOI: doi:10.1038/521415a * See Insight page 435 Related stories and links From nature.com * Science, technology and the future of small autonomous drones 27 May 2015 * Probabilistic machine learning and artificial intelligence 27 May 2015 * Deep learning 27 May 2015 * Reinforcement learning improves behaviour from evaluative feedback 27 May 2015 * Robo-rescuers battle it out in disaster challenge 03 March 2015 * Autonomous vehicles: No drivers required 04 February 2015 * Computing: A vision for data science 23 January 2013 * Computing: Secure the Internet 14 November 2012 * Four-fingered robot can replace flashlight batteries 20 August 2012 * Turing centenary: Is the brain a good model for machine intelligence? 22 February 2012 * Nature Insight: Machine intelligence * Nature special: Alan Turing at 100 From elsewhere * United Nations: Background on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems * Robohub * Scientific American: Artificial intelligence For the best commenting experience, please login or register as a user and agree to our Community Guidelines. You will be re-directed back to this page where you will see comments updating in real-time and have the ability to recommend comments to other users. Comments for this thread are now closed. Comments 10 comments Subscribe to comments 1. Avatar for David Book David Book • 2015-07-22 07:10 AM Fixed lethal autonomous weapons systems have been in existence for more than a century. Electrified fences and land mines are examples. The V-1 "buzz-bombs" launched at Britain by the Germans in WW II were mobile rather than stationary, though they were unable to pick out targets. All rocket-propelled munitions developed since are similarly lethal, autonomous, and mobile. They kill or destroy randomly unless they are aimed accurately or controlled in flight to hit a selected target. Giving missiles a capability to select a target autonomously seems like a small additional step. Arguably, that is preferable to having them kill and destroy randomly. + Share to Twitter Share to Facebook Share link to this comment 2. Avatar for Carlos Polanco Carlos Polanco • 2015-06-01 03:22 AM To the editor: Considerations that involve robots and humans The interesting editorial (1) [Robotics: Ethics of artificial intelligence, Nature], illustrates real concerns relating to the development of artificial intelligence, and it´s impact on robotics. In my opinion, the robots with consciousness (2), will provide us of the technological alternatives that we could take advantage. The robots will have in the coming decades of self-management autonomy and mobility; in land, air, and outer space. Increase the number of robotic components in our bodies, we indirectly empower from new forms of mobility, longevity and quality of life. Consider the possibilities of the future, the human being cannot inhabit the space (3), the nearby planets are not suitable for us, and the planets will be subject to large distance (4). For robots that would be very different. Sincerely yours, Carlos Polanco, Ph.D. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México. Carlos Polanco is an associate professor at the Department of Mathematics in the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México. (polanco@unam.mx) References 1. Nature 521, 415-418 (2015). 2. Polanco, C. (letter) Nature 521, 394 (2015). 3. Horneck, G. et al.Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 74, 121–156 (2010). 4. Batalha, N.M. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.111,12647-12654 (2014). + Share to Twitter Share to Facebook Share link to this comment 3. Avatar for Gerry Atrickseeeker Gerry Atrickseeeker • 2015-05-29 07:04 PM Reading this article, the associated comments, and the accompanying special section on Machine Intelligence in this week’s issue, has left me deeply concerned. The accelerating capabilities of both individual intelligent machines and the Internet itself raise all sorts of questions about whether human beings will be better off or not if artificial intelligence continues to evolve in its current uncontrolled fashion. It seems we need a measured assessment of both the potentials and hazards of this thrust before we proceed much further. Clearly it is always difficult to accurately anticipate the path of an emerging technology and to create guidelines concerning its development and implementation. Nonetheless society has done this previously in the context of other transformative technologies such as nuclear weapons and genetic engineering. Although there is plenty of hype in the media, it surprises me how little the issue of Artificial Intelligence has been addressed by ethicists or by governmental bodies. http://scienceforthefuture.blogspot.com/ + Share to Twitter Share to Facebook Share link to this comment 4. Avatar for GozieBoy GozieBoy • 2015-05-29 12:49 PM Interesting to note that the Japanese space astronauts have perfectly round eyes... + Share to Twitter Share to Facebook Share link to this comment 5. Avatar for Arun Kumar Arun Kumar • 2015-05-29 09:04 AM At a stage when we don't completely understand what intelligence is, attempting to go with an artificial version of it is too premature and will be an artifact. + Share to Twitter Share to Facebook Share link to this comment 6. Avatar for Peter Kinnon Peter Kinnon • 2015-05-28 12:55 AM The composers articles such as this invariably seem unable to break free from the traditional science fiction based notions involving individual robots/computers. This is also reflected in the accompanying graphics. Individual devices are portrayed as potential threats, beneficial aids or serious basis for "artificial intelligence". In reality the prime candidate for next truly cognitive entity quietly self assembles in the background, mostly unrecognized for what it is. And, contrary to our usual conceits, is not stoppable of directly within our control. The fact is that the evolution of the internet (and, of course, major components such as Google) is actually an autonomous process. The difficulty in convincing people of this "inconvenient truth" seems to stem partly from our natural anthropocentric mind-sets and also the traditional illusion that in some way we are in control of, and distinct from, nature. Contemplation of the observed realities seems to be outside our comfort zone! This evolution is not driven by any individual software company or team of researchers, but rather by the sum of many human requirements, whims and desires to which the current technologies react. Among the more significant motivators are such things as commerce, gaming, social interactions, education and sexual titillation. Virtually all interests are catered for and, in toto provide the impetus for the continued evolution of the Internet. Netty is still in her larval stage, but we "workers" scurry round mindlessly engaged in her nurture. By relinquishing our usual parochial approach to this issue in favor of the overall evolutionary "big picture" provided by many fields of science, the emergence of a new predominant cognitive entity (from the Internet, rather than individual machines) is seen to be not only feasible but inevitable. The separate issue of whether it well be malignant, neutral or benign towards we snoutless apes is less certain, and this particular aspect I have explored elsewhere. Stephen Hawking, for instance, is reported to have remarked "Whereas the short-term impact of AI depends on who controls it, the long-term impact depends on whether it can be controlled at all," This statement reflects the narrow-minded approach that is so common-place among those who make public comment on this issue. In reality, as much as it may offend our human conceits, the march of technology and its latest spearhead, the Internet is, and always has been, an autonomous process over which we have very little real control. Seemingly unrelated disciplines such as geology, biology and "big history" actually have much to tell us about the machinery of nature (of which technology is necessarily a part) and the kind of outcome that is to be expected from the evolution of the Internet. This much broader "systems analysis" approach, freed from the anthropocentric notions usually promoted by the cult of the "Singularity", provides a more objective vision that is consistent with the pattern of autonomous evolution of technology that is so evident today. Very real evidence indicates the rather imminent implementation of the next, (non-biological) phase of the on-going evolutionary “life” process from what we at present call the Internet. It is effectively evolving by a process of self-assembly. The "Internet of Things" is proceeding apace and pervading all aspects of our lives. We are increasingly, in a sense, “enslaved” by our PCs, mobile phones, their apps and many other trappings of the increasingly cloudy net. We are already largely dependent upon it for our commerce and industry and there is no turning back. What we perceive as a tool is well on its way to becoming an agent. There are at present an estimated 2 Billion Internet users. There are an estimated 10 to 80 Billion neurons in the human brain. On this basis for approximation the Internet is even now only one order of magnitude below the human brain and its growth is exponential. That is a simplification, of course. For example: Not all users have their own computer. So perhaps we could reduce that, say, tenfold. The number of switching units, transistors, if you wish, contained by all the computers connecting to the Internet and which are more analogous to individual neurons is many orders of magnitude greater than 2 Billion. Then again, this is compensated for to some extent by the fact that neurons do not appear to be binary switching devices but instead can adopt multiple states. Without even crunching the numbers, we see that we must take seriously the possibility that even the present Internet may well be comparable to a human brain in processing power. And, of course, the degree of interconnection and cross-linking of networks within networks is also growing rapidly. The emergence of a new and predominant cognitive entity that is a logical consequence of the evolutionary continuum that can be traced back at least as far as the formation of the chemical elements in stars. This is the main theme of my latest book "The Intricacy Generator: Pushing Chemistry and Geometry Uphill" which is now available as a 336 page illustrated paperback from Amazon, etc. Netty, as you may have guessed by now, is the name I choose to identify this emergent non-biological cognitive entity + Share to Twitter Share to Facebook Share link to this comment 7. Avatar for Harald Throne-Holst Harald Throne-Holst • 2015-06-02 08:48 AM I would like to comment on one of the premises for your argument: that development of technology is autonomous and hardly can be controlled. This is both disturbing, and probably wrong. Disturbing that someone appear to think that humans and societies have no control over their own activities - then who would be responsible for innovations and their implementation? I beleive it to be wrong: those who innovate get funded by someone, for instance governmental institutions, and they have their expectations, as well as agency. In addition, not everything is possible to acheive in the laboratory, even if all intentions are the best. Both economy and what actually is possible to achieve scietifically, set limits to innovations. Science and technology take place within paradigms which set their limitations on what scientsis look for, what is conceived as acheivable and in what methodologies that are applied. Humans and humianity have, for better or worse, still a central role for technology development. The belief that we do not control the development of technology, is wrong, and dangerous. Harald Throne-Holst Head of Reseach Technology&Society National Institute for Consumer Research - SIFO Oslo, NORWAY + Share to Twitter Share to Facebook Share link to this comment 8. Avatar for Stewart Teaze Stewart Teaze • 2015-05-28 07:38 PM No, actually, I find it much more common for "passing observers" to not accept arguments for tightly-controlling the development and emergence of SuperAI, by pooh-pooh'ing those arguments by quickly classifying and dismissing them as unimaginative Hollywood "Terminator" references. Anyone with any actual knowledge of the methods being used to develop advanced AI, ought rightly be concerned... the methods involve usage of self-evolving "hacked black boxes"... with "deep learning" it is staged "hacked black boxes"... the human developers have NO IDEA what is actually happening in the self-evolving "hacked black boxes". They are insane to believe that a SuperAI produced as a result of this type of method will be benevolent. + Share to Twitter Share to Facebook Share link to this comment 9. Avatar for Raphael Roche Raphael Roche • 2015-05-28 03:53 PM Except that if that Netty or whatever you call it is indeed a superior cognitive entity emerging from Humanity in general or at least from billions of individuals humans, then there is no ethical argument against it, except of course, a certain form of conservatism, as you could regret the Proterozoic eon because it was the "good ol' days". Such a global AI should better be regarded as the logical continuation of Humanity and nature in general towards a superior degree of complexity, as it has always been from the begining. We are just a part, a step, in this global evolution, certainly not the end. Moreover, as individual being, all documents, all written thoughts - perhaps these comments - that we would have left into legacy to this superior cognitive entity would be deeply part of its memory, I should say of its memories, as we talk of intelligent being and not a machine. + Share to Twitter Share to Facebook Share link to this comment 10. Avatar for Peter Kinnon Peter Kinnon • 2015-05-29 08:28 PM Yes, indeed. But it would seem better to regard Netty as a successor to our snoutless ape species rather than as an extension. After all, this next , non-biological, phase of the evolutionary process will share very few characteristics with us. In the event that quantum information processing fulfills its promise her cognition could be orders of magnitude beyond ours and her emotional landscape very different from ours. Furthermore, as with us, Netty herself will be simply another cog in nature's machinery. Essentially a "mother" who will spawn a species of rugged inorganic progeny that are no longer bound to this nursery planet. This is a fairly safe extrapolation of evolutionary history. + Share to Twitter Share to Facebook Share link to this comment See other News & Comment articles from Nature * Living cells bind silicon and carbon for the first time * O brave new world of fantastic beasts * Failed Alzheimer’s trial does not kill leading theory of disease * History: Women who read the stars * Politics: Life at the divide * Ecology: Winged insights * UK scientists excited by surprise £2-billion government windfall * Malaria vaccine, peatland protection and a string of satellites * Print flexible solar cells * The sparrow with four sexes * NgAgo gene-editing controversy escalates in peer-reviewed papers * External brain stimulation goes deep * Peer-review 'heroes' do lion's share of the work * First Middle Eastern X-ray factory readies for action * Immigrant and minority scientists shaken by Trump win * Fire up the atom forge * Stand firm on hormone disruptors * Cautious welcome for UK government's vague £2-billion research pledge * Geneticists hope to unlock secrets of bats’ complex sounds * Brazil’s scientists battle to escape 20-year funding freeze Social Media Box - AML * E-alert * RSS * Facebook * Twitter Close Follow @naturenews CRISPR vs NgAgo ngago NgAgo gene-editing controversy escalates in peer-reviewed papers One paper describes surprising results in zebrafish embryos, another lists failed replication efforts. 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Lower costs, optimize quality, enhance efficiency and be at the fore-front of technology evolution with TCS Artificial Intelligence & Robotics Today companies have unlimited opportunities to serve their customers like never before. Advancements made in Cloud Computing, Social Media, Big Data and the growing acceptance of wearable computing, Internet of Things and Robots have all increased the opportunities available to companies. However, these opportunities have become a threat to the existing business models. Some typical challenges faced are: * Differentiating one’s products and services * Capitalizing on existing customers and promoting customers’ loyalty * Creating a personalized customer experience that is reliable, consistent and unique * Creating value from the huge amount of data (both structured & unstructured) currently accessible to firms Solutions We Offer AI focus areas include: * Knowledge Acquisition: Components that help to acquire data. Capabilities are built on a number of wearable technologies and interface technologies like Kinect, Brain computer interface etc. * Knowledge Harvesting: Capabilities are being built on machine learning. This component helps to assess current facts and their relations, infer out new relations and abstract facts * Knowledge Representation: Proprietary graph data base build to store the data collected/inferred and retrieve the same as and when required * Knowledge Consumption: Natural Language Processing (NLP) and Natural Language Understanding (NLU) capabilities to help consume the intelligence stored, to build conversational systems, virtual assistants and virtual bots Robotics focus areas include: * Machine Vision & Video Analytics: TCS has world class video analytics solutions to improve Retail Market Operations and Bank Automation. These intelligent video analytics can be used to understand the customer behavior and offer actionable insights. 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Home › 2. Research › 3. Research Areas › 4. Robotics and Artificial Intelligence * Research Areas + Architectures, Compiler Optimization, and Embedded Systems + Bioinformatics and Computational Biology + Data Mining, Databases, and Geographical Information Systems + Graphics and Visualization + High Performance Computing + Human Computer Interaction + Networks, Distributed Systems, and Security + Robotics and Artificial Intelligence + Software Engineering and Programming Languages + Theoretical Foundations * Related Research Centers * Technical Reports Robotics and Artificial Intelligence Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a general term that implies the use of a computer to model and/or replicate intelligent behavior. Research in AI focuses on the development and analysis of algorithms that learn and/or perform intelligent behavior with minimal human intervention. These techniques have been and continue to be applied to a broad range of problems that arise in robotics, e-commerce, medical diagnosis, gaming, mathematics, and military planning and logistics, to name a few. Several research groups fall under the general umbrella of AI in the department, but are disciplines in their own right, including: robotics, natural language processing (NLP), computer vision, computational biology, and e-commerce. Specifically, research is being conducted in estimation theory, mobility mechanisms, multi-agent negotiation, natural language interfaces, machine learning, active computer vision, probabilistic language models for use in spoken language interfaces, and the modeling and integration of visual, haptic, auditory and motor information. Faculty Arindam Banerjee Maria Gini Stephen Guy Volkan Isler Rahul Narain Nikolaos Papanikolopoulos Hyun Soo Park Stergios Roumeliotis Junaed Sattar Paul R. 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All rights reserved. The University of Minnesota is an equal opportunity educator and employer. Privacy Statement #Teresa Escrig RSS Feed Teresa Escrig » What are the benefits of Artificial Intelligence in Robotics? Comments Feed Real or fiction? How far is the robotic industry to produce something like this? Many robotic prototypes built, few arrive to the market Teresa Escrig News and oppinion about Cognitive AI & Robotics What are the benefits of Artificial Intelligence in Robotics? one comment Happy New Year to all! It’s been a while since my last post. Too busy. Now, I’m back. ————————————————————————————- Robotics is not only a research field within artificial intelligence, but a field of application, one where all areas of artificial intelligence can be tested and integrated into a final result. Amazing humanoid robots exhibit elegant and smooth motion capable of walking, running, and going up and down stairs. They use their hands to protect themselves when falling, and to get up afterward. They’re an example of the tremendous financial and human capital that is being devoted to research and development in the field of electronics, control and the design of robots. Very often, the behavior of these robots contains a fixed number of pre-programmed instructions that are repeated regardless of any changes in the environment. These robots have no autonomy, nor adaptation, to the changing environment, and therefore do not show intelligent behavior. We are amazed by the technology they provide, which is fantastic! But we can not infer that, because the robots are physically so realistic and the movements so precise and gentle, that they are able to do what we (people) do. Let’s imagine that we see a robot in a film with a manipulator arm ironing a shirt. Today’s robotics technology is not advanced enough to be able to iron a shirt autonomously, as people do. Even if we see a robots arm grabbing the iron by the handle then sliding it over the fabric, (which has been placed there by a human) the speed of passage through the clothes and the number of times it will go through the same spot would surely be pre-programmed. If we were to lower the height of the ironing-board, the iron would probably float above the shirt at a height equal to that that we lowered the ironing-board, with the same movements, as if you were really ironing, without ever realizing that the iron is not touching the fabric. It would not be able to distinguish the effect of the iron on the shirt to determine whether it had any wrinkles, nor could it deduce wether the fabric still has wrinkles. Perhaps the iron is unplugged or the ironing program is not adjusted to the fabric type. Needless to say, the arm can not change the shirt being ironed and replace it with the next shirt to be ironed. Today’s robots can not autonomously iron, even if Hollywood would make it seem otherwise. As in the robot-ironing example, there are many other things that robots can not currently do. We have seen so many movies that show advanced robotic skills, that the limits of science and technology in robotic intelligent behavior are unclear for most of the population, even for computer scientists not working directly in cognitive robotics. Artificial Intelligence brings intelligent behavior to the robot, to be able to provide services to humans in unpredictable and changing environments, such as homes, hospitals, the work place, and all around us. The basic contributions of AI in robotics are: PERCEPTION – not only taking data from the environment, but transforming it into knowledge (and even wisdom) to be able to interpret and modify its behavior according to a result of this perception. REASONING – drawing conclusions from data/knowledge taken from perception. LEARNING – with new experiences, the robot needs to perceive and reason to obtain conclusions, but when the experiences are repeated, a learning process is required to store knowledge and speed up the process of intelligent response. DECISION MAKING, or the ability to prioritize actions, is necessary to be able to be safe and effective in the solution of different autonomous applications. HUMAN-ROBOT INTERACTION at many levels is also necessary. For example, natural language processing – understanding the meaning of sentences exchanged with humans, depending on the context and to be able to properly respond -, and emotions rapport. We are going to analyze the first three areas a bit more in depth. Any robot as an autonomous physical entity, has to perceive its environment, and interpret this perception, to move in a safe manner. Currently there are several types of sensors that can be used with robots: * Sonar sensors emit an inaudible sonar beam in the direction perpendicular to the sensor itself. The time between the emission of sound and the subsequent reception of its rebound in the environment obstacles is a measure of the distance between the sensor and the perceived obstacle. This type of sensor is very inaccurate, because its measurements are highly dependent on the reflective surface of the sound beam. Mistakes are technically very difficult to counter. The scope of these sensors is between 50 cm and 3 m approx. * Infrared sensors emit an infrared light beam in the direction perpendicular to the sensor itself, and receive the rebound from the environment with light in a receiver. The distance between the sensor and the obstacle in the environment is also calculated using the time between transmission and reception. These sensors are very sensitive to changing ambient light, so they are not totally reliable. The scope of these sensors is 80 cm. * The laser sensors (laser emission) range depends on the type of laser used. As in the sonar and infrared sensors, the elapsed time between emission and the reception beam, calculates the distance to an obstacle in the environment. There are laser sensors that perform a sweep in a single 180 degree plane. There are others that 3-dimensionally scan the environment. This full scan can be equated to the view with a video camera, it makes a reconstruction of the entire environment based on points or distances from the sensor to the environment. Lasers are much more robust to environmental characteristics and their measurements are quite reliable. However, there are still very expensive. * The Kinect sensor came to the market at the end of 2011, revolutionizing the robotic sensors spectrum. It contains an RGB camera, a depth sensor and a multi-array microphone running proprietary software, which provide full-body 3D motion capture, facial recognition and voice recognition capabilities. It is relatively easy to incorporate into the robot platform and software. The main drawbacks are that you can not recognize objects or faces (it only provides a cluster of color regions by distance) and it doesn’t work outdoors (yet). * The video camera is the most promising sensor, it is quite inexpensive and provides more accurate information of the environment. While there are huge advances in this area and we are very close to consider this sensor as the main one, we are still not quite there yet. Computer Vision is a very active field of AI, which has made great progress on specific issues, such as face recognition, or recognition of defects in ceramic glaze. “Object recognition” remains an unresolved issue in general. As an example, we understand the concept “chair”, and can identify any chair we see, even a new model that we’ve never seen before. And we recognize a chair even when its partially hidden behind other objects in a scene. This is not yet solved in computer vision. One very active research area in computer vision is “quick search of a specific object in a scene”, without processing the entire image. One of the latest advances in the area is cognitive vision, which uses qualitative recognition of object shapes, their relationships and ontologies to connect those qualitative shapes with names of objects and the concepts that they represent. It has many benefits, one of which is automatic tagging and fast processing. This technology has been developed at the University Jaume I and Cognitive Robots under my supervision. This will be explained in more detail in another post. The current situation in commercial service robots is that we need sensor integration of most (if not all) of the above mentioned types of sensors. With a unidirectional laser (very common in commercial service robots), the robots only perceive what is happening in the plane of the laser, the rest of the environment is not perceived. Sonar and infrared sensors are cheaper and can be placed around the robot. The kinect sensor provides 3D obstacle detection. The use of each type of sensor, its interpretation, treatment of inconsistent information, and the integration of information from various types of sensors, remains an open research topic. The implementation of a reasoning process is also basic to service robotics. The reasoning process allows the robot to infer reliable conclusions from premises. For example, if the robot is perceiving landmarks in the room at a certain relative orientation, this orientation can be used by the robot to know its relative position in its movement through the environment. The biggest problem encountered in any reasoning method for robots is the management of uncertain and vague information of the data perceived. There are many types of reasoning, all remain open fields of research within Artificial Intelligence: logical reasoning systems, probabilistic reasoning systems, case-based reasoning, fuzzy logic, and qualitative reasoning. The latest reasoning techniques developed are mental processes of analogy. We use ‘Qualitative Reasoning‘ as the reasoning technique incorporated in our product, “Cognitive Brain for Service Robotics ®” at Cognitive Robots. The robots also have to be able to learn from their own experience. Learning is essential in order for them to function in unknown environments. They must be able to store data (from environmental or behavioral processes) that have ever been helpful to achieve a goal. Learning may be a memory (more or less elaborate) of experiences, as well as how these are then used when needed. There are many learning techniques: Inductive learning through semantic networks, can learn a function from examples of its inputs and outputs; neural networks; belief networks, allow learning probabilistic functions; reinforcement learning, allows a robot to react appropriately in unfamiliar environments, based only on their perceptions and occasional rewards. Learning qualitative models that describe behaviors to solve different tasks is, in my opinion, a better way for robots to learn as humans learn . Perception, reasoning and learning are the three pillars of intelligence (human and robotic). If these pillars are implemented in the most cognitive way we know, and integrated in a highly modular way (to be able to substitute a solution for a better one without affecting the whole system), we have a sound foundation to include the decision making process to adapt the same robotic architecture to solve different tasks. This has been the way of thinking and operating at Cognitive Robots. Written by Teresa Escrig February 4th, 2013 at 11:26 pm Posted in Original posts Tagged with Artificial Intelligence, artificial intelligence associated with a body, artificial vision, autonomous robots, c-robots.com, Cognitive Brain, Cognitive Brain for Service Robotics, Cognitive Robots, cognitive vision, decision making, incomplete information, intelligence, research, revolution, Robotics, robots, Science, sensors, service robotics, service robotics revolution, Teresa Escrig, teresaescrig.com, uncertainty, vague information « Real or fiction? How far is the robotic industry to produce something like this? Many robotic prototypes built, few arrive to the market » One Response to 'What are the benefits of Artificial Intelligence in Robotics?' Subscribe to comments with RSS or TrackBack to 'What are the benefits of Artificial Intelligence in Robotics?'. 1. Very didactic and pedagogic post for understanding the new generations of robots which will come soon. 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Future of Life Institute * News: * AI * Biotech * Nuclear * Climate * Partner Orgs * Search benefits and risks of artificial intelligence Benefits & Risks of Artificial Intelligence “Everything we love about civilization is a product of intelligence, so amplifying our human intelligence with artificial intelligence has the potential of helping civilization flourish like never before – as long as we manage to keep the technology beneficial.“ Max Tegmark, President of the Future of Life Institute What is AI? From SIRI to self-driving cars, artificial intelligence (AI) is progressing rapidly. While science fiction often portrays AI as robots with human-like characteristics, AI can encompass anything from Google’s search algorithms to IBM’s Watson to autonomous weapons. Artificial intelligence today is properly known as narrow AI (or weak AI), in that it is designed to perform a narrow task (e.g. only facial recognition or only internet searches or only driving a car). However, the long-term goal of many researchers is to create general AI (AGI or strong AI). While narrow AI may outperform humans at whatever its specific task is, like playing chess or solving equations, AGI would outperform humans at nearly every cognitive task. Why research AI safety? In the near term, the goal of keeping AI’s impact on society beneficial motivates research in many areas, from economics and law to technical topics such as verification, validity, security and control. Whereas it may be little more than a minor nuisance if your laptop crashes or gets hacked, it becomes all the more important that an AI system does what you want it to do if it controls your car, your airplane, your pacemaker, your automated trading system or your power grid. Another short-term challenge is preventing a devastating arms race in lethal autonomous weapons. In the long term, an important question is what will happen if the quest for strong AI succeeds and an AI system becomes better than humans at all cognitive tasks. As pointed out by I.J. Good in 1965, designing smarter AI systems is itself a cognitive task. Such a system could potentially undergo recursive self-improvement, triggering an intelligence explosion leaving human intellect far behind. By inventing revolutionary new technologies, such a superintelligence might help us eradicate war, disease, and poverty, and so the creation of strong AI might be the biggest event in human history. Some experts have expressed concern, though, that it might also be the last, unless we learn to align the goals of the AI with ours before it becomes superintelligent. There are some who question whether strong AI will ever be achieved, and others who insist that the creation of superintelligent AI is guaranteed to be beneficial. At FLI we recognize both of these possibilities, but also recognize the potential for an artificial intelligence system to intentionally or unintentionally cause great harm. We believe research today will help us better prepare for and prevent such potentially negative consequences in the future, thus enjoying the benefits of AI while avoiding pitfalls. How can AI be dangerous? Most researchers agree that a superintelligent AI is unlikely to exhibit human emotions like love or hate, and that there is no reason to expect AI to become intentionally benevolent or malevolent. Instead, when considering how AI might become a risk, experts think two scenarios most likely: 1. The AI is programmed to do something devastating: Autonomous weapons are artificial intelligence systems that are programmed to kill. In the hands of the wrong person, these weapons could easily cause mass casualties. Moreover, an AI arms race could inadvertently lead to an AI war that also results in mass casualties. To avoid being thwarted by the enemy, these weapons would be designed to be extremely difficult to simply “turn off,” so humans could plausibly lose control of such a situation. This risk is one that’s present even with narrow AI, but grows as levels of AI intelligence and autonomy increase. 2. The AI is programmed to do something beneficial, but it develops a destructive method for achieving its goal: This can happen whenever we fail to fully align the AI’s goals with ours, which is strikingly difficult. If you ask an obedient intelligent car to take you to the airport as fast as possible, it might get you there chased by helicopters and covered in vomit, doing not what you wanted but literally what you asked for. If a superintelligent system is tasked with a ambitious geoengineering project, it might wreak havoc with our ecosystem as a side effect, and view human attempts to stop it as a threat to be met. As these examples illustrate, the concern about advanced AI isn’t malevolence but competence. A super-intelligent AI will be extremely good at accomplishing its goals, and if those goals aren’t aligned with ours, we have a problem. You’re probably not an evil ant-hater who steps on ants out of malice, but if you’re in charge of a hydroelectric green energy project and there’s an anthill in the region to be flooded, too bad for the ants. A key goal of AI safety research is to never place humanity in the position of those ants. Why the recent interest in AI safety Stephen Hawking, Elon Musk, Steve Wozniak, Bill Gates, and many other big names in science and technology have recently expressed concern in the media and via open letters about the risks posed by AI, joined by many leading AI researchers. Why is the subject suddenly in the headlines? The idea that the quest for strong AI would ultimately succeed was long thought of as science fiction, centuries or more away. However, thanks to recent breakthroughs, many AI milestones, which experts viewed as decades away merely five years ago, have now been reached, making many experts take seriously the possibility of superintelligence in our lifetime. While some experts still guess that human-level AI is centuries away, most AI researches at the 2015 Puerto Rico Conference guessed that it would happen before 2060. Since it may take decades to complete the required safety research, it is prudent to start it now. Because AI has the potential to become more intelligent than any human, we have no surefire way of predicting how it will behave. We can’t use past technological developments as much of a basis because we’ve never created anything that has the ability to, wittingly or unwittingly, outsmart us. The best example of what we could face may be our own evolution. People now control the planet, not because we’re the strongest, fastest or biggest, but because we’re the smartest. If we’re no longer the smartest, are we assured to remain in control? FLI’s position is that our civilization will flourish as long as we win the race between the growing power of technology and the wisdom with which we manage it. In the case of AI technology, FLI’s position is that the best way to win that race is not to impede the former, but to accelerate the latter, by supporting AI safety research. The Top Myths About Advanced AI A captivating conversation is taking place about the future of artificial intelligence and what it will/should mean for humanity. There are fascinating controversies where the world’s leading experts disagree, such as: AI’s future impact on the job market; if/when human-level AI will be developed; whether this will lead to an intelligence explosion; and whether this is something we should welcome or fear. But there are also many examples of of boring pseudo-controversies caused by people misunderstanding and talking past each other. To help ourselves focus on the interesting controversies and open questions — and not on the misunderstandings — let’s clear up some of the most common myths. AI myths Timeline Myths The first myth regards the timeline: how long will it take until machines greatly supersede human-level intelligence? A common misconception is that we know the answer with great certainly. One popular myth is that we know we’ll get superhuman AI this century. In fact, history is full of technological over-hyping. Where are those fusion power plants and flying cars we were promised we’d have by now? AI has also been repeatedly over-hyped in the past, even by some of the founders of the field. For example, John McCarthy (who coined the term “artificial intelligence”), Marvin Minsky, Nathaniel Rochester and Claude Shannon wrote this overly optimistic forecast about what could be accomplished during two months with stone-age computers: “We propose that a 2 month, 10 man study of artificial intelligence be carried out during the summer of 1956 at Dartmouth College […] An attempt will be made to find how to make machines use language, form abstractions and concepts, solve kinds of problems now reserved for humans, and improve themselves. We think that a significant advance can be made in one or more of these problems if a carefully selected group of scientists work on it together for a summer.” On the other hand, a popular counter-myth is that we know we won’t get superhuman AI this century. Researchers have made a wide range of estimates for how far we are from superhuman AI, but we certainly can’t say with great confidence that the probability is zero this century, given the dismal track record of such techno-skeptic predictions. For example, Ernest Rutherford, arguably the greatest nuclear physicist of his time, said in 1933 — less than 24 hours before Szilard’s invention of the nuclear chain reaction — that nuclear energy was “moonshine.” And Astronomer Royal Richard Woolley called interplanetary travel “utter bilge” in 1956. The most extreme form of this myth is that superhuman AI will never arrive because it’s physically impossible. However, physicists know that a brain consists of quarks and electrons arranged to act as a powerful computer, and that there’s no law of physics preventing us from building even more intelligent quark blobs. There have been a number of surveys asking AI researchers how many years from now they think we’ll have human-level AI with at least 50% probability. All these surveys have the same conclusion: the world’s leading experts disagree, so we simply don’t know. For example, in such a poll of the AI researchers at the 2015 Puerto Rico AI conference, the average (median) answer was by year 2045, but some researchers guessed hundreds of years or more. There’s also a related myth that people who worry about AI think it’s only a few years away. In fact, most people on record worrying about superhuman AI guess it’s still at least decades away. But they argue that as long as we’re not 100% sure that it won’t happen this century, it’s smart to start safety research now to prepare for the eventuality. Many of the safety problems associated with human-level AI are so hard that they may take decades to solve. So it’s prudent to start researching them now rather than the night before some programmers drinking Red Bull decide to switch one on. Controversy Myths Another common misconception is that the only people harboring concerns about AI and advocating AI safety research are luddites who don’t know much about AI. When Stuart Russell, author of the standard AI textbook, mentioned this during his Puerto Rico talk, the audience laughed loudly. A related misconception is that supporting AI safety research is hugely controversial. In fact, to support a modest investment in AI safety research, people don’t need to be convinced that risks are high, merely non-negligible — just as a modest investment in home insurance is justified by a non-negligible probability of the home burning down. It may be that media have made the AI safety debate seem more controversial than it really is. After all, fear sells, and articles using out-of-context quotes to proclaim imminent doom can generate more clicks than nuanced and balanced ones. As a result, two people who only know about each other’s positions from media quotes are likely to think they disagree more than they really do. For example, a techno-skeptic who only read about Bill Gates’s position in a British tabloid may mistakenly think Gates believes superintelligence to be imminent. Similarly, someone in the beneficial-AI movement who knows nothing about Andrew Ng’s position except his quote about overpopulation on Mars may mistakenly think he doesn’t care about AI safety, whereas in fact, he does. The crux is simply that because Ng’s timeline estimates are longer, he naturally tends to prioritize short-term AI challenges over long-term ones. Myths About the Risks of Superhuman AI Many AI researchers roll their eyes when seeing this headline: “Stephen Hawking warns that rise of robots may be disastrous for mankind.” And as many have lost count of how many similar articles they’ve seen. Typically, these articles are accompanied by an evil-looking robot carrying a weapon, and they suggest we should worry about robots rising up and killing us because they’ve become conscious and/or evil. On a lighter note, such articles are actually rather impressive, because they succinctly summarize the scenario that AI researchers don’t worry about. That scenario combines as many as three separate misconceptions: concern about consciousness, evil, and robots. If you drive down the road, you have a subjective experience of colors, sounds, etc. But does a self-driving car have a subjective experience? Does it feel like anything at all to be a self-driving car? Although this mystery of consciousness is interesting in its own right, it’s irrelevant to AI risk. If you get struck by a driverless car, it makes no difference to you whether it subjectively feels conscious. In the same way, what will affect us humans is what superintelligent AI does, not how it subjectively feels. The fear of machines turning evil is another red herring. The real worry isn’t malevolence, but competence. A superintelligent AI is by definition very good at attaining its goals, whatever they may be, so we need to ensure that its goals are aligned with ours. Humans don’t generally hate ants, but we’re more intelligent than they are – so if we want to build a hydroelectric dam and there’s an anthill there, too bad for the ants. The beneficial-AI movement wants to avoid placing humanity in the position of those ants. The consciousness misconception is related to the myth that machines can’t have goals. Machines can obviously have goals in the narrow sense of exhibiting goal-oriented behavior: the behavior of a heat-seeking missile is most economically explained as a goal to hit a target. If you feel threatened by a machine whose goals are misaligned with yours, then it is precisely its goals in this narrow sense that troubles you, not whether the machine is conscious and experiences a sense of purpose. If that heat-seeking missile were chasing you, you probably wouldn’t exclaim: “I’m not worried, because machines can’t have goals!” I sympathize with Rodney Brooks and other robotics pioneers who feel unfairly demonized by scaremongering tabloids, because some journalists seem obsessively fixated on robots and adorn many of their articles with evil-looking metal monsters with red shiny eyes. In fact, the main concern of the beneficial-AI movement isn’t with robots but with intelligence itself: specifically, intelligence whose goals are misaligned with ours. To cause us trouble, such misaligned superhuman intelligence needs no robotic body, merely an internet connection – this may enable outsmarting financial markets, out-inventing human researchers, out-manipulating human leaders, and developing weapons we cannot even understand. Even if building robots were physically impossible, a super-intelligent and super-wealthy AI could easily pay or manipulate many humans to unwittingly do its bidding. The robot misconception is related to the myth that machines can’t control humans. Intelligence enables control: humans control tigers not because we are stronger, but because we are smarter. This means that if we cede our position as smartest on our planet, it’s possible that we might also cede control. The Interesting Controversies Not wasting time on the above-mentioned misconceptions lets us focus on true and interesting controversies where even the experts disagree. What sort of future do you want? Should we develop lethal autonomous weapons? What would you like to happen with job automation? What career advice would you give today’s kids? Do you prefer new jobs replacing the old ones, or a jobless society where everyone enjoys a life of leisure and machine-produced wealth? Further down the road, would you like us to create superintelligent life and spread it through our cosmos? Will we control intelligent machines or will they control us? Will intelligent machines replace us, coexist with us, or merge with us? What will it mean to be human in the age of artificial intelligence? What would you like it to mean, and how can we make the future be that way? Please join the conversation! Recommended References Videos * Stuart Russell – The Long-Term Future of (Artificial) Intelligence * Humans Need Not Apply * Nick Bostrom on Artificial Intelligence and Existential Risk * Stuart Russell Interview on the long-term future of AI * Value Alignment – Stuart Russell: Berkeley IdeasLab Debate Presentation at the World Economic Forum * Social Technology and AI: World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2015 * Stuart Russell, Eric Horvitz, Max Tegmark – The Future of Artificial Intelligence Media Articles * Concerns of an Artificial Intelligence Pioneer * Transcending Complacency on Superintelligent Machines * Why We Should Think About the Threat of Artificial Intelligence * Stephen Hawking Is Worried About Artificial Intelligence Wiping Out Humanity * Artificial Intelligence could kill us all. Meet the man who takes that risk seriously * Artificial Intelligence Poses ‘Extinction Risk’ To Humanity Says Oxford University’s Stuart Armstrong * What Happens When Artificial Intelligence Turns On Us? * Can we build an artificial superintelligence that won’t kill us? * Artificial intelligence: Our final invention? * Artificial intelligence: Can we keep it in the box? * Science Friday: Christof Koch and Stuart Russell on Machine Intelligence (transcript) * Transcendence: An AI Researcher Enjoys Watching His Own Execution * Science Goes to the Movies: ‘Transcendence’ * Our Fear of Artificial Intelligence Essays by AI Researchers * Stuart Russell: What do you Think About Machines that Think? * Stuart Russell: Of Myths and Moonshine * Jacob Steinhardt: Long-Term and Short-Term Challenges to Ensuring the Safety of AI Systems * Eliezer Yudkowsky: Why value-aligned AI is a hard engineering problem Research Articles * Intelligence Explosion: Evidence and Import (MIRI) * Intelligence Explosion and Machine Ethics (Luke Muehlhauser, MIRI) * Artificial Intelligence as a Positive and Negative Factor in Global Risk (MIRI) * Basic AI drives * Racing to the Precipice: a Model of Artificial Intelligence Development * The Ethics of Artificial Intelligence * The Superintelligent Will: Motivation and Instrumental Rationality in Advanced Artificial Agents * Wireheading in mortal universal agents Research Collections * Bruce Schneier – Resources on Existential Risk, p. 110 * Aligning Superintelligence with Human Interests: A Technical Research Agenda (MIRI) * MIRI publications Case Studies * The Asilomar Conference: A Case Study in Risk Mitigation (Katja Grace, MIRI) * Pre-Competitive Collaboration in Pharma Industry (Eric Gastfriend and Bryan Lee, FLI): A case study of pre-competitive collaboration on safety in industry. Blog posts and talks * AI control * AI Impacts * No time like the present for AI safety work * AI Risk and Opportunity: A Strategic Analysis * Where We’re At – Progress of AI and Related Technologies: An introduction to the progress of research institutions developing new AI technologies. * AI safety * Wait But Why on Artificial Intelligence * Response to Wait But Why by Luke Muehlhauser * Slate Star Codex on why AI-risk research is not that controversial * Less Wrong: A toy model of the AI control problem Books * Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies * Our Final Invention: Artificial Intelligence and the End of the Human Era * Facing the Intelligence Explosion * E-book about the AI risk (including a “Terminator” scenario that’s more plausible than the movie version) Organizations * Machine Intelligence Research Institute: A non-profit organization whose mission is to ensure that the creation of smarter-than-human intelligence has a positive impact. * Centre for the Study of Existential Risk (CSER): A multidisciplinary research center dedicated to the study and mitigation of risks that could lead to human extinction. * Future of Humanity Institute: A multidisciplinary research institute bringing the tools of mathematics, philosophy, and science to bear on big-picture questions about humanity and its prospects. * Global Catastrophic Risk Institute: A think tank leading research, education, and professional networking on global catastrophic risk. * Organizations Focusing on Existential Risks: A brief introduction to some of the organizations working on existential risks. * 80,000 Hours: A career guide for AI safety researchers. Many of the organizations listed on this page and their descriptions are from a list compiled by the Global Catastrophic Risk institute; we are most grateful for the efforts that they have put into compiling it. These organizations above all work on computer technology issues, though many cover other topics as well. This list is undoubtedly incomplete; please contact us to suggest additions or corrections. Most benefits of civilization stem from intelligence, so how can we enhance these benefits with artificial intelligence without being replaced on the job market and perhaps altogether? 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I think Mr.hawking...October 5, 2016 - 10:36 am by ishmaeel * Ariel Conn Hi George, I removed your email address from the comment....October 3, 2016 - 12:30 pm by Ariel Conn * Sara How would a super intelligent entity that can not and does...October 1, 2016 - 8:04 am by Sara * George Bailin I would like to learn all I can from Dr. Perry. It will...October 1, 2016 - 12:40 am by George Bailin * Lung Chuan CHEN How do people teach or train AI to "respect" each other...September 30, 2016 - 7:50 pm by Lung Chuan CHEN * Gabor Farkas Why do we assume that AI will require more and more physical...September 30, 2016 - 12:06 pm by Gabor Farkas * Lung Chuan CHEN I am the one who said "Pay attention to conflicts between/among...September 29, 2016 - 5:48 pm by Lung Chuan CHEN * Ian Coleman You'd have to be pretty blind to the facts of human nature...September 27, 2016 - 9:42 pm by Ian Coleman * Lung Chuan CHEN They should "respect" each other (smart machines v.s. smart...September 27, 2016 - 7:49 pm by Lung Chuan CHEN * Alexey Turchin I scanned a chapter from Herman Khan book “On thermonuclear...September 25, 2016 - 4:12 pm by Alexey Turchin Tags Digital Analogues News and Information News and Information[Select Category__________] Newsletter First Name: ____________________ Email address: ____________________ Sign up ____________________ Technology is giving life the potential to flourish like never before... 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Sorry There was an error emailing this page. artificial intelligence brain circuitry circuits electronics More like this * abstract artificial intelligence Overcoming our fears and avoiding robot overlords * office telephone call with blue binary data overlay A.I.-powered assistants step into the enterprise * Virtual face of artificial intelligence circuits and binary data Will A.I. drive the human race off a cliff? * [wtu_082415_disasterdrones-100609837-poster.jpg] Video Inside Ames: Drone swarms for disaster response Despite worries that robots will take jobs from humans, a group of researchers says what's more likely, and more powerful, is that humans will eventually work cooperatively with cyber assistants. A soldier might be given a smart assistant that will train with him and one day do battle alongside him. A college grad just entering the workforce may get her own smart assistant that will learn along with her and provide support as she advances through her career. In this way, artificial intelligence (A.I.) and robots could very well make people better soldiers and workers. They could make people become what we've come to think of as "super" human. "There are many exciting areas [in A.I.] coming up, but A.I. and human cooperation is an area with tremendous potential," said Tom Dietterich, a professor and director of Intelligent Systems at Oregon State University. "Instead of A.I. systems replacing people in the workplace, each of us would have an A.I. assistant that we would train in our lives and the two of us, together, would be employed ... This is where we can see super-human performance coming from the combination of the human and the computer." Scientists like Trevor Darrell, a computer science professor at the University of California, Berkeley, said that in the next five or 10 years, the abilities of smart devices will multiply by orders of magnitude. That means we'll have gone from a world where artificial intelligence is used to power Google search and Apple's smart assistant Siri to having smart furniture that can reposition itself around the house based on our voice commands and robotic butlers will bring us coffee when we simply think about wanting a cup. It also means there will be increasingly smart robots working in factories and warehouses. Some worry that companies will replace human workers with machines that don't have to be paid for vacation time, health care and sick leave. And their fears don't stop at factory jobs. Late last year, Andrew McAfee, co-founder of the Initiative on the Digital Economy at MIT, said it won't be long before intelligent machines will begin to increasingly replace knowledge workers. In the near future, artificially intelligent machines could be used to provide financial advice or a medical diagnoses. Middle-class workers could be looking into a future where they are replaced by machines. That fear can be added on to other fears about A.I. creating sentient robots that will one day rise up and wipe out the human race. Not so fast, though. What if instead of a world where people queue up in unemployment lines while robots take their jobs, we look ahead to a world where robots and smart assistants help us during the work day, provide us with cleaner homes, remember friends' birthdays and even protect us in battle? That's a world to look forward to rather than to be afraid of, said Pam Melroy, deputy director of the Tactical Technology Office at the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), the research arm of the U.S. Department of Defense. "Really interesting things are going to happen at the interception of biology and A.I.," said Melroy, a retired U.S. Air Force officer and former NASA astronaut. "There's something about human machine communication symbiosis and how humans and machines can partner well together." Dietterich said this human/smart machine cooperation is already happening ... and with impressive results. For example, a computer has been working to figure out the shape of a protein in three dimensions, but the work wasn't going well, Dietterich said. Then humans began working with the computer program, and that changed. With humans working in conjunction with the computer, the solution to the 3D structure of an HIV enzyme, was found in three weeks. "The algorithm and humans could not have done this so quickly on their own," said Dietterich. "A.I. will work its way into our lives in big ways working with people." He said he expects this human/A.I. cooperation to eventually catch on and grow rapidly in a number of areas, such as high-speed stock trades, automated surgical assistants and autonomous weapons. A maintenance worker, for instance, would have a smart assistant that could help diagnose a problem with a boiler, suggest ways to repair it or assist the human with the repair. In a military setting, an enlistee would receive a personal assistant when she gets to basic training. The soldier will always keep her assistant with her so it will learn the human's strengths and weaknesses as she goes through training and into different jobs. That way the assistant can continually adapt to help the soldier as she completes different tasks and advances to higher ranks. The idea behind a smart assistant is for the machine to learn as its human user does, so it can help with different and more complicated tasks. This cooperation will also take shape in our personal lives. Dietterich said we're not that far away from having automated wheelchairs that, with a voice command or gesture, will take the user to different rooms inside a home or within an office building. Melroy agreed that smart assistants won't always come in the form of human-sized robots or digital assistants that can fit in your pocket. Someone who's lost a limb could get a smart limb that will sense and function much, or even just like, a natural appendage. "Think about when Luke Skywalker loses his hand," said Melroy. "He gets a new one and it can feel. It's no different. He can continue to function in all the ways he was used to. The ability to control that new hand with your brain and have seamless sensing in real life? Absolutely, that is coming. That is five to 10 years away." To make that work, Melroy said, we'll need to be able to communicate with our smart devices without typing on a keyboard or using a mouse. Even spoken commands would be too awkward. We'll need to communicate with our assistants or devices with our thoughts. According to several researchers, such an advance is not far away. "The ability to control a robotic arm with just thoughts, with an RF signal and a chip in a woman's brain has already been demonstrated," Melroy said. "It doesn't yet send signals back, but that will happen and it will close that loop. We are just not that far away from this ability to think things. It sounds like magic, but it's all about electrical brain signals." To express your thoughts on Computerworld content, visit Computerworld's Facebook page, LinkedIn page and Twitter stream. Related: * Robotics * Emerging Technology Senior Writer Sharon Gaudin covers the Internet, social media, cloud computing and emerging technologies for Computerworld. 12 steps to lower your espionage risk Shop Tech Products at Amazon You Might Like Notice to our Readers We're now using social media to take your comments and feedback. Learn more about this here. 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Continue to site » [p?c1=2&c2=6035308&cv=2.0&cj=1] Advertisement Follow ABA missing Facebook icon missing LinkedIn icon missing Twitter icon American Bar Association myABA | Log InLog Out ____________________ (BUTTON) [user-add-global-nav.png] JOIN THE ABA [user-add-global-nav-hover.png] JOIN THE ABA [shopping-cart-global-nav.png] SHOP ABA [shopping-cart-global-nav-hover.png] SHOP ABA [calendar-global-nav.png] CALENDAR [calendar-global-nav-hover.png] CALENDAR [user-group-global-nav.png] MEMBER DIRECTORY [user-group-global-nav-hover.png] MEMBER DIRECTORY * Membership + Join or Renew + Benefits of Membership + Dues and Eligibility + Membership FAQ + Travel Services + ABA Advantage Discounts * ABA Groups + + ABA Leadership + Centers & Commissions + Committees + Departments & Offices + Divisions + Forums + Sections + View All Groups * Diversity + Publications + Lawyers with Disabilities + Lawyers of Color + Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual & Transgender Lawyers + Women Lawyers * Advocacy + ABA Policy + Governmental & Legislative Work + Amicus Curiae Briefs + Diversity Initiatives + Rule of Law Initiative + Other ABA Initiatives * Resources for Lawyers + Career Center + Ethics & Professionalism + Model Rules of Professional Conduct + Books & Related Products + Solo & Small Firm Resource Center + Legal Profession Statistics * Publishing + Books + Periodicals + ABA Journal + Discount Pricing for Libraries + Book Discounts for Bars * CLE + CLE Courses by Topic + Distance Learning Events + In-Person Events + Mandatory CLE + CLE FAQs + Free CLE + ABA Essentials + Minding Your Business * Career Center + Search for Jobs + Post a Job + Post Your Resume + Career Resources + Free Career Advice Series + 30 Tips Series + Careers at the ABA * News + + Contact Media Relations + Reporter Alerts + Media Credentials + Top Stories + News Releases + Multimedia * About Us + ABA Mission and Goals + ABA History and Timeline + Careers + ABA Departments + ABA Governance and Policies + Requests for Proposals + Financial Reports + Affiliated Organizations + ABA Charities + Donate + Contact the ABA + ABA Online * Home * Section Membership * News & Announcements * Events & CLE * Committees * Publications * Resources * About Us * Contact Us Section of Science & Technology Law: Artificial Intelligence and Robotics Committee _______________________________________________________________________ Announcements States Rush to Regulate Drones Ahead of Federal Guidelines Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 09/14/2015 In New Hampshire you can’t use a drone to harass a hunter. California lawmakers don’t want you to fly an unmanned aircraft near a forest fire. And in Texas you better not pilot one anywhere near the state capitol.In the absence of federal regulations, states are eager to pass their own policies on unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), mandating everything from where drones can be flown to whether law enforcement can use them to gather evidence. But advocates for the technology, which is growing in popularity both commercially and among hobbyists, say legislatures are overstepping their authority and hamstringing an industry ripe for growth.According to the Association for Unmanned Vehicle Systems International (AUVSI), an industry-supported group, at least six states—Florida, Minnesota, Nevada, North Dakota, Oregon and Virginia—have passed legislation restricting the commercial use of drones. Another eight have restrictive legislation pending. Original GCN Article California Governor Vetoes Drone Bill Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 09/14/2015 SAN FRANCISCO — California Gov. Jerry Brownvetoed legislation Wednesday that would have restricted the flying of drones lower than 350 feet over private property without the owner's permission.While drone technology raises novel issues, Brown said in his veto message the bill "could expose the occasional hobbyist and the FAA-approved commercial user alike to burdensome litigation." Original USA Today Article North Dakota Becomes First US State to Legalise Use of Armed Drones by Police Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 09/14/2015 Armed drones could be used by police in the US state of North Dakota after local lawmakers legalised their use.While they will be limited to “less than lethal” weapons, tear gas, tasers, rubber bullets and pepper spray could all be used in theory by the remote controlled flying machines.In a classic case of unintended consequences, the original sponsor, Republican state representative Rick Becker said he was unhappy with the way legislation turned out. His original intention was to prevent law enforcement officials from using the unmanned aerial vehicles from conducting surveillance on private property without a warrant.“In my opinion there should be a nice, red line: Drones should not be weaponised,” he said. Original Independent (UK) Article Cloudy FAA Data Skews Drone Threat Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 09/02/2015 A UFO sighting 51,000 feet above Washington is not something one might expect to read about in a database linked to a news release by the Federal Aviation Administration titled: “Pilot reports of close calls with drones soar in 2015.”But it’s in there.Among other incidents, a large Predator-style drone crashed near a residential area, according to the FAA database.And a drone was hovering in unauthorized airspace close to a crime scene being investigated by the Inglewood Police Department in California.All are striking events.But they’re not about close calls between drones and manned aircraft like planes and helicopters. Original Winston-Salem Journal Article Should Police Have the Capability to Take Control of Driverless Cars Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 09/02/2015 Driverless cars might be the norm some day—sooner than we think. So it's never too early to consider futuristic scenarios of a driverless car world.There have already been plenty of ethical questions asked, like whether a driverless car should decide who lives or who dies during an accident scenario. One question often posed is whether a driverless vehicle could choose to ram a school bus full of kids or sacrifice the driverless vehicle's occupants during a mishap.Now the Rand Corp. is thinking about how law enforcement officials should deal with driverless cars. A recent study (PDF) by the group ponders whether a cop should have the ability to remotely control a vehicle to pull it over. Original Ars Technica Article California Bill One of Many State Bills That Aim to Regulate Drones Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 09/02/2015 A California bill that restricts flying of drones to above 350 feet (107 meters) over private property is just one of several state bills in the U.S. that aim to regulate various aspects of flying the unmanned aircraft. Original PC World Article Weaponized Drones For Law Enforcement Now Legal In North Dakota Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 09/02/2015 (Ferenstein Wire) - Drones can now legally fight criminals in the United States with non-lethal weapons thanks to a recently amended bill in North Dakota. The law’s author, Representative Rick Becker, originally wanted to require police to secure a warrant for drone surveillance.But, then local law enforcement managed to sneak in the right to equip drones with tasers or rubber bullets by amending the original prohibition against lethal and non-lethal force to just limiting lethal weapons. Becker worries that this new franken-bill will have dramatic unintended consequences. Original Forbes Tech Article Is a Cambrian Explosion Coming for Robotics? Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 09/02/2015 About half a billion years ago, life on earth experienced a short period of very rapid diversification called the “Cambrian Explosion.” Many theories have been proposed for the cause of the Cambrian Explosion, with one of the most provocative being the evolution of vision, which allowed animals to dramatically increase their ability to hunt and find mates (for discussion, see Parker 2003). Today, technological developments on several fronts are fomenting a similar explosion in the diversification and applicability of robotics. Many of the base hardware technologies on which robots depend—particularly computing, data storage, and communications—have been improving at exponential growth rates. Two newly blossoming technologies—“Cloud Robotics” and “Deep Learning”—could leverage these base technologies in a virtuous cycle of explosive growth. Original Spectrum IEEE Article Webinar: USDOT Releases Automated Vehicle Webinar and New Mobility Reports Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 08/24/2015 The US Department of Transportation (USDOT) has announced that six new mobility application reports have been posted in the National Transportation Library, and it has also put its new webinar on automated vehicle deployment online. Original Traffic Technology Today Notice Meeting Announcement: A Plaintiff's Lawyer's View on Robotics and AI Technology Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 08/24/2015 Wednesday, August 26, 201510:00 AM Silicon Valley Law Group 50 West San Fernando Street, Suite 750, San Jose, CA North Dakota Drone Test Site Set to Fly High at All Hours Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 08/24/2015 FARGO, N.D. (AP) — Of the six sites in the U.S. where researchers are trying to figure out how to integrate unmanned aircraft into civilian airspace, only North Dakota's can fly high both day and night.The Federal Aviation Administration approved a plan last week that allows drones to be flown up to 1,200 feet above the entire state and permits flights at night, a combination that makes North Dakota unique, since other test sites are limited to a 200-foot blanket and daylight hours."It really expands the type of operations you can conduct," said Nicholas Flom, director of safety for the Northern Plains UAS Test Site. Original Bismarck Tribune Article Traffic-Management Website for Drones Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 08/24/2015 A pioneering website designed to prevent collisions and crashes among the rapidly growing number of drone aircraft has been developed by the Wright State Research Institute (WSRI).Due to its potential, institute officials have also established FlyTransparent, a business spin-off.The website and mobile application—called GoFlyZone—relies upon drone operators to voluntarily upload their flight plans, enabling other operators to see all of the flight paths and times before taking to the skies. Original ECN Article Five Factors That Could Ground the Drone Economy Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 08/24/2015 SAN FRANCISCO – The drone economy could be grounded if operators and regulators alike don't address pressing concerns over cyber attacks, privacy breaches and reckless pilots, according to a new report by insurers Lloyd's of London.The British insurance giant's risk report series survey, "Drones Take Flight," out Thursday, highlights five issues that could hamper the growth of businesses using unmanned aerial robots for jobs ranging from crop monitoring to parcel deliveries. Original USA Today Article Australia To Start Autonomous Vehicle Trials In November Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 08/14/2015 Australia’s national independent road research agency, ARRB Group, has announced that driverless cars will be tested on the country’s roads for the first time in November 2015. Supported and hosted by the South Australian government, the first trials of automated vehicles will coincide with a Driverless Vehicle Conference to be hosted by the state from November 5-6. Original Traffic Technology Article Sen. Mike Folmer Launches Drone Moratorium Law Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 08/14/2015 You can add drones to the list of controversial issues Sen. Mike Folmer is taking on.On Friday, Folmer, the Lebanon County state senator getting headlines for pushing the legalization of medical marijuana, introduced legislation that would place a two-year moratorium on the use of drones by state and local agencies, including law enforcement.Under the law, the use of small, remote controlled drones that can be equipped with cameras would be prevented, with the exception of a handful of emergency circumstances, such as natural disasters, search and rescue operations and Amber Alerts. Original Lebanon Daily News Article California's Drone Trespass Bill Goes Too Far Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 08/14/2015 California legislators are looking to tackle the perceived problem of drone trespasses with a modified version of a bill that was introduced earlier this year. Unfortunately they’ve gone too far in the most recent version of the proposed legislation. Original Forbes Article Feds Approve 1,000 Applications For Drone Flights Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 08/14/2015 The Federal Aviation Administration has approved 1,000 applications for nonmilitary drone flights. The exemptions were granted this week under a section of federal law that allows the Transportation Department to wave requirements for FAA approval for drone flights that are operated outside of restricted airspace and below 200 feet. The FAA said in a statement that the exemptions were part of a "continuing effort to safely expand and support commercial unmanned aircraft operations in U.S. airspace." "Companies and individuals from a broad spectrum of industries are taking advantage of the Section 333 exemption process," the agency said. "Many of the grants the FAA has issued allow aerial filming for uses such as motion picture production, precision agriculture and real estate photography," the FAA statement continued. "The agency also has issued grants for new and novel approaches to inspecting power distribution towers and wiring, railroad infrastructure and bridges." The FAA is in the process of developing regulations for allowing a rapid expansion of the use of commercial drones in the U.S. Original The Hill Article Chicago Law Firm Secures Federal Approvals for Commercial Drone Use Under Firm’s Section 333 Filing Service Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 08/14/2015 The attorneys of Antonelli Law, a leading Chicago-based drone law firm that specializes in federal commercial drone law, have secured a total of 11 Section 333 Grant of Exemptions, which allow operators of unmanned aircraft vehicles to conduct aerial surveillance for data collection and for a variety of other commercially-driven purposes. The leading drone lawyers at Antonelli law offer a full spectrum of commercial drone law services that have helped clients in the real estate, engineering, and cinematography fields clear the FAA’S legal hurdles to be able to start flying drones in just a few months. Original Press Release Rocket Article Google Auto LLC Is Google's Own Auto Company Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 08/14/2015 Everyone knows Google has come a long way since announcing their Google Self-Driving Car project in 2010. What few knew was that Google actually formed a subsidiary company- Google Auto LLC- in 2011 to manage Google’s automobile operations. The company (Googe Auto) is headed by Chris Urmson who has been leading Google’s self -driving car project. In addition, the company is registered with national and international organizations as a passenger vehicle company. In 2014, Google Auto was licensed as carmaker in California. In fact, the company is named as the manufacturer for all 23 of the Lexus cars. Original Android Headlines Article Warren County to Consider Drone Regulation Law Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 08/03/2015 Life might get tougher for owners of “unmanned aerial vehicles” — commonly known as drones — in Warren County in the coming months as county supervisors consider a county law to control where and how they are used.Spurred on by the passage of a law that regulates drones in Rockland County, Warren County supervisors discussed the options they have to regulate the use, and potentially prohibit misuse, of the flying machines. Original Post Star Article Florida Drone Law Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 08/03/2015 ORLANDO, Fla. (WOFL FOX 35 ORLANDO) — Florida’s Freedom from Unwarranted Surveillance Act went into effect earlier this summer, but one Orlando woman discovered: it doesn’t do much to protect people. The drone law prohibits the use of drones for capturing images of private property in places where there is a reasonable expectation of property, such as outside Cassidy Higgins’ bedroom window. Higgins’ neighbors spotted a drone in the space between their Thornton Park homes late one night. Original Fox 35 News Article Mercenary Drone Operators Kill Outside US Chain of Command Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 08/03/2015 WASHINGTON (Sputnik) — The US armed forces are using a growing number of mercenaries or contractors to operate lethal drone attacks as regular troops are increasingly unwilling to do so, experts told Sputnik. Original Sputnik International Article Kentucky Laws Vague Regarding Drone Use and Personal Privacy Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 07/31/2015 BULLITT COUNTY, Ky. (WDRB) -- His story made national headlines in less than 12 hours and a lot of people are standing behind the Bullitt County man who was arrested after shooting down a drone.According to Hillview Police, William Merideth broke the law when he shot his gun within city limits.Some Kentucky lawmakers and advocates say things need to change regarding his family's right to privacy. Original WDRB News Article Drone Law Loophole Leaves out RGV Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 07/31/2015 WESLACO - If you think your privacy is secure and protected in your backyard, think again. Drones are creating new concerns. The small flying, remote-controlled unmanned aircrafts are often equipped with video cameras.The cameras can record you anywhere, without your knowledge or consent, even on your own property. They can rise up and float down streets undetected, recording everything. Original KRGV News Article Insurers Shy Away From Drones Over New Privacy Law Concerns Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 07/31/2015 As new privacy laws governing the use of commercial drones begin to take effect, independent insurance agents are finding difficulty adequately sourcing the risk of privacy-related litigation against drone users.According to Jason Riley, vice president of aviation wholesale broker Halton Hall, many insurers are willing to offer aircraft liability policies or aviation CGLs for drones. Components coverage, though expensive, is also available for cameras, gimbles and other accessories.What’s harder to find is coverage for potential privacy violations. Original Insurance Business America Article Drone Regulations Take Off in U.S. Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 07/31/2015 Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, more commonly called drones, are becoming increasingly popular with both law enforcement and the general public.Advances in technology have allowed exciting new applications for drone use, and the cost to purchase a very capable drone is well within the reach of most interested consumers.New technological advancements tend to cause a scramble as legislators attempt to figure out how to regulate them, and drones are no exception. Legislators at both the state and federal level have been exploring how to create laws that allow for technological advancement while ensuring safety and protecting privacy. Original Bloomberg BNA Article D.A.: Operators Will Be Prosecuted For Murder If ‘Intentional Act Of A Drone’ Were To Cause Death Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 07/31/2015 SAN BERNARDINO (CBSLA.com) — Authorities in San Bernardino County issued a stern warning Wednesday for anyone caught flying an unmanned aerial vehicle over dangerous situations, such as wildfires.“If an intentional act of a drone was to cause one of these wonderful men and women fighting fires to go down and be injured or worse scenario killed or another civilian on the ground, we will … we will prosecute you for murder,” San Bernardino County District Attorney Mike Ramos said. Original CBS Los Angeles Article Hackers Use Infotainment Systems to Gain Control of Vehicles Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 07/31/2015 The vulnerability of the computer systems in new vehicles to ‘cyber attacks’ has been highlighted in two separate cases this week (ends July 24, 2015), in the USA and the UK.A leading UK-based software security company, the NCC Group, says car infotainment systems are vulnerable to hacking that could put lives at risk, by seizing control of a vehicle’s brakes and other critical systems. NCC said it had found a way to carry out the attacks by sending data via digital audio broadcasting (DAB) radio signals, using a laptop and a transmitter made from easy-to-source electronic components. Original Traffic Technology Today Article Japanese Telcos Vie for Share in Consumer Robot-as-a-Service Business Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 07/30/2015 Yesterday a second Japanese telecommunication firm entered the consumer robot-as-a-service market when the state-owned Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation (NTT) announced it would partner with its subsidiary NTT Data and robot maker Vstone to develop a tabletop companion robot that can talk and communicate with smart devices. NTT joins Softbank in the move to market networking and cloud computing services to a massive existing consumer base using consumer robotics. NTT says its Sota companion robot will cost about 100,000 JPY (~$800USD), with a monthly service fee of a few thousand JPY (~$30). Original Robohub Article DfT To Research Impact Of Driverless Cars Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 07/29/2015 Research into how driverless vehicles will affect all road users has been commissioned by the Department for Transport (DfT), as part of cross-government working to 'join-up' policies on autonomous vehicles.Analysis is also being finalised on how data from connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs) can be harnessed, particularly surrounding how telematics products can improve safety for new drivers.The DfT has also started negotiations with other countries to update international approval regulations for driverless cars, following its own The Pathway to Driverless Cars review, which sets out a clear timeline committing to updating UK regulations. Original LocalGov (UK) Article $75,000 In Rewards Offered To Catch Operators Who Flew Drones Above Fires Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 07/29/2015 San Bernardino County supervisors unanimously agreed Tuesday to offer $75,000 in rewards for help in tracking down drone operators who interfered with firefighters during three major wildfires this summer.After the unmanned devices were spotted flying above flames and smoke from the blazes this year — which altogether burned about 36,000 acres — fire crews were forced to ground water-dropping aircraft. Officials said the delays allowed the fires to spread, resulting in devastating property losses. Original LA Times Article Lansing City Council To Discuss Drone Law Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 07/29/2015 (WLNS) – It’s the buzz around town; the topic of drones is not going away.The Lansing City Council is talking about this hobby and whether stricter laws are necessary.Having your eye in the sky over Lansing is something that has been increasing in popularity.Is it invasion of privacy or invasion of rights? Original WLNS Article The Fourth Amendment and Driverless Cars Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 07/29/2015 Driverless cars are still in their infancy—Google’s cute little vehicles don’t go faster than 25 mph. Nevertheless, courts around the country are currently deciding the future privacy rights of self-driving car owners. The opinions that judges write today will determine whether the police searching your car 20 years from now will be able to see everywhere the car has ever driven you, how long you stayed there, possibly who was with you, your communications from the car, etc. Think about all the places you travel in your car or the conversations you have in your car. How easily do you want that information available to a search? Original Slate Article Viral Video Of Gun-Firing Drone Renews Interest In Legal Restrictions Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 07/29/2015 HARTFORD — With the viral video of a gun-firing drone making national headlines, Connecticut advocates are re-energized to pass a law next year that would ban such weapons.The state Senate unanimously passed a bill this year that would have banned weapons on drones used by both the police and the general public. But the bill never came to a vote in the state House of Representatives as time ran out in the legislative session. Advocates say it will be a top priority when the new legislative session begins in February. Original Hartford Courant Article CAA To Revise Drone Regulations In September Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 07/29/2015 Taiwan’s laws governing the licensing and operation of unmanned aerial vehicles and camera drones are set for revision in September, according to the Civil Aeronautics Administration July 23.The new measures will serve as a satisfactory regulatory framework with coordinated response to the increasing number of UAVs and drones appearing in the skies over Taiwan. They impose stricter regulations on commercial versions weighing 25 kilograms and above, including mandatory certification for the vehicle and operator. Original Taiwan Today Article Drones in Florida - New Laws and Regulations Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 07/29/2015 If you are one of the cool kids, or cool adults, or a techie, you might have received a drone for a gift during the past year. Like a toy out of the future, drones allow observation from above and afar. They are very cool. And, it was pretty much the Wild West concerning what you could do with your drone, until a new law went into effect in Florida on July 1st. The new law expanded restrictions on the use of drones by both private citizens and local and state agencies alike.As of midnight on July 1, 2015, the Freedom from Unwarranted Surveillance Act went into effect and stated that drones cannot be used for unlicensed surveillance. What that means is it that it is now unlawful to “capture an image of privately owned real property or of the owner, tenant, occupant, invitee or licensee of such property with the intent to conduct surveillance without his or her written consent.” The ban applies to any individual, state agency or political subdivision and was approved unanimously in the Florida House and by a 37-2 margin in the Florida Senate. The ban includes the use of drones by state and local law enforcement agencies unless they have obtained a warrant, there appears to be an immediate danger posed to life or property or to combat terrorism. Original JD Supra Business Advisor Article Commercial Drone Use Soars into New Territories Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 07/29/2015 Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), commonly known as drones, are taking to the American skies in record numbers to conduct commercial activities in response to recent changes in the law. Commercial drone businesses are climbing in numbers thanks to the FAA Modernization and Reform Act of 2012. Under this law, businesses can apply for a “Section 333 exemption” to the prohibition on commercial drone operations. Original National Law Review Article Sony Moves Into Drones Amid Safety Warnings From UK Flying Authority Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 07/29/2015 Sony is planning to get into the drone business, with the launch of a new company that will capture images and other data for business purposes using unmanned aerial vehicles.The company, called Aerosense, is a joint-venture with Japanese robotics firm ZMP. The partnership will combine Sony's camera, sensing, telecommunications network and robotics technologies with ZMP's automated driving and robotics technologies. Original Telegraph (UK) Article Handgun-Firing Drone Appears Legal In Video, But FAA, Police Probe Further Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 07/23/2015 (CNN)Video of a handgun fired from a hovering drone into a wooded area has been posted on YouTube -- where it has gone viral -- apparently by an 18-year-old Connecticut student whose father says his son created the drone for a college class.No one was harmed, nor has the teenager been arrested or charged. Still, the video has stirred fresh debate about the use of, and dangers posed by, drones. Original CNN Article Lawmakers Want Firefighters To Be Able To Destroy Jerks' Stupid Drones: LAist Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 07/23/2015 After some jerks' drone-flying interfered with rescue efforts during the weekend's totally insane wildfire, lawmakers are looking to pass a bill that would allow firefighters to disable or destroy drones that are causing them issues.Assemblyman Mike Gatto and Sen. Ted Gaines (R-El Dorado) introduced legislation today, saying that drone enthusiasts are putting lives in danger when they fly their drones over fires and other emergencies, City News Service reports. Original Gothamist (LAist) Article FAA Approves First Drone Delivery Service Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 07/23/2015 The US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has finally approved a drone delivery service, but it's not Amazon Prime Air.Australian drone start-up Flirtey has become the first company to receive approval from the FAA to deliver packages by unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV).In this case, medical supplies will be delivered via drone to a rural coal mining region in Wise County, Southwest Virginia, which is one of the most isolated places in the world. Original International Business Times Article Illegal Flights Persist Despite National Park Drone Ban Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 07/23/2015 In Wyoming’s Grand Teton National Park, the Gros Ventre Campground is a peaceful place with abundant solitude; it hardly fills up, even during peak season. On June 22 last year, that normal silence broke as the plastic wings of an unmanned aircraft system, known colloquially as a drone, spastically chopped at the leaves of a cottonwood as it tangled in the branches. A cow moose was grazing nearby, and though there was no evidence that the operator was trying to get a closer look at the unsuspecting ungulate, “it does seem a likely scenario,” says Andrew White, the park’s spokesman. Original High Country News Article DJI Bring On Leading Drone Lawyer Brendan Schulman Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 07/23/2015 DJI, the world’s largest drone company, has hired lawyer Brendan Schulman as its vice president of policy and legal affairs. Like many players in the emerging drone industry, DJI is undergoing rapid growth, but regulations and negative public opinions surrounding drones could hinder its future. Original Washington Post Article As Drone Law Lifts Off, Who Rules Rockland's Skies? Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 07/16/2015 For the past year and a half, Vinny Garrison's been running a growing business shooting aerial photos and videos across Rockland — everything from weddings to the cranes hovering above the Tappan Zee Bridge. He's got a pair of drones — he calls them quadcopters — that he launches for jobs like real estate shots, and he just shot Clarkstown's fireworks display. But the Nanuet resident's worried the county's new drone law could make him — and even hobbyists who fly radio-controlled devices — law-breakers. Original Lohud Journal News Article Bar Bulletin: Florida's New Drone Law Implicates Privacy Concerns Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 07/16/2015 Over the last 20 years, advances in technology have made it easier to record, manipulate and disseminate digital information, especially photos and videos. The recent dismissal of Florida State University quarterback De’Andre Johnson demonstrates the power that a video proliferated through the Internet can have. Our increased access to information also has a competing interest that must also be considered — namely, the protection of the citizens’ rights to privacy. Original Financial News & Daily Record Article After Drone Diverts Fire-Fighting Planes, Lawmakers Want Fines And Jail Time Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 07/16/2015 In late June, the Lake Fire burned through 30,000 acres of California wilderness in San Bernardino county. In order to keep the flames from encroaching on an area of nearby houses, the US Forest Service sent three planes filled with fire retardant—a DC-10 and two smaller planes—to dump on an area of the fire. That cargo never reached its intended target, however, because the low-flying planes had to turn back when they encountered a drone flying about 800 or 900 feet off the ground. The DC-10 was able to deposit its flame retardant in another location, but the two smaller planes had to jettison their loads in order to land. Original Ars Technica Article Multirotor Drone Market To Reach $2.28 Billion By 2020, Market Analysts Say Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 07/16/2015 The report, "Multirotor Drones Market by Application (Defense, Aerial Shooting, Business & Commerce, Law enforcement, Environmental Inspection), Payload (Electro-optic sensor, Cameras, Sense and Avoid System, LIDAR, CBRN, Wi-Fi, GPS), Region - Forecast to 2020," states that the increasing use of drones for law enforcement has stimulated the growth of the drones market. Original Military Embedded Systems Article It’s a Bird, It’s a Plane! No, It’s a … Drone? Lawyers at Forefront of UAS Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 07/16/2015 From the military to movies, we are all at least a little familiar with Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS or “drones”). But with FAA’s recent streamlining of its commercial UAS exemption process, did you know that it probably won’t be long before Amazon (and other companies) unleash this revolutionary technology on our everyday lives? This is seriously uncharted territory here, and it’s going to involve every aspect of a practice, including those not yet dreamed up yet. Here are some insights from Lawline’s recent UAS CLE industry curriculum. Original JD Supra Business Advisor Article Robotics And The Law: When Software Can Hurt You Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 07/16/2015 Recent headlines declaring “Robot Kills Man in Germany” are examples of growing news coverage about the impact of robots on society. This is the subject of a new law review article by a University of Washington faculty member. Original UW Today Article Computer Programs Can Resolve Legal Disputes Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 07/16/2015 SAN FRANCISCO — Imagine working out a divorce without hiring an attorney or stepping into court or disputing the tax assessment on your home completely online. A Silicon Valley company is starting to make both possibilities a reality with software that experts say represents the next wave of technology in which the law is turned into computer code that can solve legal battles without the need for a judge or attorney. Orignal Portland Press Herald Article Legal Game Of Drones Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 07/16/2015 I was sitting on a chairlift recently at a ski resort, and the stranger next to me had an unusual backpack with him. Turns out it was a drone, equipped with a fancy camera. He and some buddies were going to take some very neat action skiing shots and videos using this drone hovering above them. He was very excited. The hobbyist drone market is growing rapidly. And we all know how important large military drones are to the US fighting effort in places like Iraq. But what might surprise you is that the commercial drone market is also exploding, and the related legal and regulatory issues are fascinating. Original Lexpert Article Japan's Lower House Passes Law Restricting Use Of Drones Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 07/16/2015 The lower house of the Japanese Parliament passed a law Thursday prohibiting drone flights over the prime minister’s office, the Imperial Palace and other key facilities such as nuclear plants. The law was supported by a majority of legislators, The Japan Times reports. Now it must be passed by the upper house, which is expected to happen at the current session, which lasts until September 27. Original Russia Today Article Robots In Europe: Live Tweets And Pics From #Innorobo Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 07/03/2015 Innorobo is one of the the premiere EU event dedicated to robotics and disruptive technologies. Running July 1-3 in Lyon, France, the event features talks from the likes of Carlo Ratti, Rodney Brooks, Brad Nelson, Jaime Paik, Shigeo Hirose and many many more, as well as an exhibition, a startup competition and several workshops. Original Robohub Notification Drone Wars: Airspace And Legal Rights In The Age Of Drones Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 07/03/2015 It is only the tip of the iceberg. As technology advances, common citizens are increasingly finding themselves with the ability to obtain and fly reasonably-priced unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) known as drones. News broadcasts are only now beginning to reflect the growing problems we can anticipate as their use becomes more and more common, both privately and commercially. Armed with high-definition cameras, these civilian UAVs have ranges of up to several miles and can hover over a neighbor’s pool party and capture footage of activity engaged in with an expectation of privacy. The typical quadcopter has a flight time of 15 minutes, although smaller ones with tiny Photron FASTCAM viewer (FPV) cameras might be able to manage as much as 30 minutes. The proliferation of these amazing devices brings with it a whole host of legal issues which most assuredly will give rise to civil disputes and litigation. Understanding the laws affecting their use now becomes a prerequisite as opposed to an opportunity for an interesting lunch conversation. Original Claims Journal Article International Law And US Public Support For Drone Strikes Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 07/03/2015 The use of unmanned aerial vehicles, also known as drones, in United States counterterrorism operations has become a “key feature of the administration’s foreign policy”. In late 2014, the US reached a milestone by conducting its five hundredth drone strike to target suspected terrorists in Pakistan, Yemen and Somalia. This growing reliance on drones to target militants has generated widespreadcondemnation worldwide. It has also become the subject of considerable controversy within the US itself. Recent debates have largely centered around two sets of questions: 1) the effectiveness of drones in eliminating terror threats; and 2) the legitimacy of strikes under international law. Domesticsupporters point to drones as both effective for disrupting terrorist networks, and consistent with legal principles of self-defense and military necessity.Critics respond that attacks spawn grievances resulting in more terrorists than they eliminate, and represent fundamental violations of international law by breaching other countries’ sovereignty while harming countless civilians. Detractors and defenders alike have sought to directly sway the US public by putting forward these contending arguments in the marketplace of ideas. Original Open Democracy Article The Abortion Drone Is A High-Tech Victory For Women's Rights Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 07/03/2015 It’s weird how creepy futuristic inventions can suddenly reveal themselves to be the new purveyors of hope and social change. That’s how I felt this week when I read about the abortion drone – a mind-bending device that took flight in Germany last weekend to deliver free and safe pregnancy-terminating pills across the border to Poland, one of a handful of countries in Europe in which abortion is illegal (a list that includes Ireland and Malta). In Poland, a largely Roman Catholic country, women are only allowed access to abortion if the pregnancy is deemed the result of rape or incest, if the mother’s life is endangered or if there are severe fetal abnormalities. It’s estimated there are at least 50,000 underground abortions performed in Poland each year. Original Globe and Mail Article Bill Aims To Strictly Regulate Drone Flights Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 07/03/2015 In response to an incident in April in which a small drone was found on the roof of the Prime Minister’s Office, the government drew up a bill to revise the Civil Aeronautics Law, which sets flight rules for unmanned aircraft. The contents of the revision were learned on Thursday. One facet of the new rules is to prohibit, in principle, flights of such aircraft not only in airspace above important facilities such as the Prime Minister’s Office, but also dense residential areas and venues for festivals and other events where many people gather. Original Japan News Article Attorney Says New Tennessee UAS Law Might Be Unenforceable Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 07/03/2015 Among more than a dozen new laws that went into effect July 1 in Tennessee was one that makes it illegal to fly unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) over fireworks displays, correctional facilities and events of more than 100 people. A drone operator convicted of violating the law could spend up to 30 days in jail. James Mackler, a Nashville attorney with the Bone McAllester Norton law firm who specializes in unmanned aerial systems (UAS) law, said that while members of the Tennessee General Assembly’s hearts are in the right place, passing laws in response to specific UAV incidents might not be the best legal approach. Original UAS Magazine Article RoCKIn2015: A Glimpse Into The Future Of Europe's Domestic And Industrial Robotics Industry Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 07/03/2015 Over the last 20 years, robot competitions have emerged as a powerful means to foster progress in robotics research and development (R&D). RoCKIn is part a of new generation of scientific robotics competitions that were launched out of the European Commission’s Seventh Framework Programme. By combining the scientific rigor and repeatability of experiments with the real-world relevance and spectacle of competitive events, robot competitions are able to offer a highly complementary approach to traditional lab-based R&D. Through competition events and the development of a robust benchmarking methodology, RoCKIn aims to further innovation in the field of industrial and domestic robotics. From the 21-23 November, we will be holding our second and major competition event in Lisbon, Portugal. Original RoboHub Article South Africa's New Drone Regulations Are Ridiculous: SA Law Firm Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 07/01/2015 The South African drone regulations come into effect on 1 July and are among the most stringent in the world, thanks to the Ministry of Transport. While anybody above the age of 18 will be allowed to purchase a drone – with or without a licence – the regulations restrict the use of drones dramatically, according to SA law firm, Cliffe Dekker Hofmeyr. Anja Hofmeyr, director, and Richard Chemaly, candidate attorney, dispute resolution, at the law firm note that as technology progresses, so too must the country’s laws. Original MyBroadband Article Drone Manufacturers Can Help Operators Respect Privacy Rights, Says Watchdog Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 07/01/2015 Drone manufacturers can help the organisations wishing to operate them respect privacy rights by warning of the "potential intrusiveness" of their use, an EU privacy body has said. The Article 29 Working Party, a committee made of up representatives from the national data protection authorities (DPAs) throughout the EU, said the manufacturers could also put information on their packaging to tell operators where the use of drones is permitted. The manufacturers can also help account for privacy concerns in the use of drones by designing the devices with data protection in mind, it said. Original Out-Law.com Article Limits On Drone Use Among New Florida Laws Taking Effect Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 07/01/2015 A law aimed at protecting Floridians from unwanted surveillance is one of more than 100 that take effect Wednesday. While the law — dubbed the Freedom from Unwarranted Surveillance Act — spells out that unmanned aerial drones can’t be used for surveillance, it does spell out when devices can be used. Original Naples News Article California Deputies Detain Man For Taking Pictures, Claim Owning Drone Creates Suspicion of a Crime Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 07/01/2015 In Lake Forest, California, a man decided to take pictures of an Orange County Sheriff’s Department station. In addition to his camera, he also brought a quadcopter drone to record aerial photography, but he was approached by deputies before he ever got his quadcopter off the ground. Conducting a First Amendment audit, the man who owns the youtube channel The Junkyard News was questioned almost immediately by deputies for taking pictures in public and then illegally detained for owning a drone. Original PINAC Article Commercial Drones Market Worth $4+ Billion by 2021 and Growing at 109% CAGR to 2020 Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 07/01/2015 RnRMarketResearch.com offers "Commercial Drones: Market Shares, Strategies, and Forecasts, Worldwide, 2015 to 2021", "Commercial Drones Market by Type, Technology, Application & Geography - Global Forecast to 2020" as well as "Commercial and consumer drones - Market potential and outstanding issues in Europe and the United States" research reports in its store. Original MarketWatch Article Man Shoots Down Neighbor's Hexacopter In Rural Drone Shotgun Battle Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 07/01/2015 While we’ve heard of consumer drones getting in the way of commercial airliners and obstructing firefighting operations, we haven’t heard of many drones being shot out of the sky by a neighbor. But according to one drone pilot, that's exactly what occurred in Modesto, California on November 28, 2014. Original Ars Technica Article Writing The Book On UAS Law Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 07/01/2015 A few weeks ago while speaking to the owner of a business that recently received a Section 333 exemption from the FAA for commercial UAS operations, he mentioned that hiring an attorney to work through the process was a good investment. It got me thinking about whether most businesses choose this approach in dealing with the FAA and the potential advantages it offers. Who better to ask than Jonathon Rupprecht, the West Palm Beach, Florida, aviation attorney? He wrote an e-book on UAS law titled “Drones: Their Many Civilian Uses and the U.S. Laws Surrounding Them.” Rupprecht said he wrote the book because there was nothing that provided an in-depth look on drone law. Given the ever-changing nature of UAS regulation, publishing in the e-book format gives him a great deal of flexibility in updating it as necessary. Original UAS Magazine Chicago Law Firm Expands Drone Law Practice Group to Offer Low-Cost Legal Services to Help Realtors Secure FAA Clearance to Fly Drones Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 07/01/2015 Antonelli Law, a Chicago-based law firm that specializes in federal drone law, announced this week the launch of “Drone Democracy,” a lower-fee Section 333 service intended to help potential operators of commercial unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) obtain legal clearance from the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)’s commercial drone regulations. Created as a division of Antonelli Law’s Drone/UAS Practice Group, “Drone Democracy” exclusively serves commercial UAS users seeking FAA approval to operate drones for small-scale uses like residential real estate and nature photography. Original PR Web Article New York Times, ACLU Make Case For Access To Drone Strike Memos Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 07/01/2015 The American Civil Liberties Union and the New York Times continued their fight in court Tuesday as they try to secure nine Department of Justice memos they believe outline the federal government’s legal justification for tactical drone strikes that have killed hundreds — including U.S. citizens — across the world.Original BuzzFeed Article South Africa Drone Laws Will Push All Of Africa To Forefront, Says Entrepreneur Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 07/01/2015 Rules which come in on 1 July to permit drones will help to make Africa the world's biggest commercial operator and consumer 'within the next few years', according to Adam Rosman, founder of Aerial Monitoring Solutions. Original Global Legal Post Article Drone Bill Is First By N.J. Rep. Watson Coleman To Pass The U.S. House Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 07/01/2015 WASHINGTON — Freshman U.S. Rep. Bonnie Watson Coleman on Tuesday won House approval of legislation seeking a study on whether the private use of unmanned aircraft could pose security threats, her first bill to pass the chamber. Original NJ.com Article Are Lawyers Ready For Artificial Intelligence? Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 07/01/2015 “Artificial Intelligence is a means of designing a system that can perceive its environment and take actions that will maximize its success.” -Tom Mighell Developments in Big Data, machine learning, IBM Watson, and other advancements in technology have brought back the cyclical discussion of what artificial intelligence might mean for lawyers. Has anything really changed, or have we just reached another round of the AI debate? Original Legal Talk Network Article Here's a Real-Life Law School Exam: Drone Departs Germany, Lands in Poland, and Delivers Abortion Pills Created by: Matt Henshon Posted: 06/30/2015 "The Abortion Drone departed from Germany and landed at the opposite side of the river in Slubice, Poland. While the drones were crossing the German/Polish border , the German Police tried to intervene but the drone pilots were able to safely land the drones at the Polish side. Two Polish women swallowed the abortion pills that were delivered to them by the drones. The German police confiscated the drone controllers and personal iPads. They threatened that there will be charges but it is totally unclear on what grounds. The German Polish already admitted that flying the drone over the border was not illegal but now want to test a violation of the Arzneimittelgesetz (medicines law). However as required by that law the medicines were provided on prescription by a doctor and both Poland and Germany are part of Schengen." Link Drones For Aerial Photography Open Market, Tests Law In Taiwan Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 06/24/2015 The Environmental Protection Bureau of Taichung in central Taiwan decided Monday to deploy cameras attached to drones in its efforts to catch those damaging air quality and jeopardizing road traffic safety by burning dry straw on open ground. It will be the first time the city has used this form of technology to catch polluters after patrol vehicles on the ground often fail to accomplish the task, bureau officials said. The drones can collect immediate data that can be relayed to ground patrols, which can then rush to the crime scene in time to apprehend the culprits, the officials added. Original Want China Times Article New York Man Acquitted in Drone-Surveillance Case Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 06/24/2015 A New York jury acquitted a man charged with using a drone to spy into windows of a doctor’s office, one of the first tests for how existing privacy laws apply to drones. David Beesmer, a 50-year-old mobile-home salesman in upstate New York, was found not guilty of attempted unlawful surveillance on Monday in local court in Ulster, N.Y. He faced a year in jail if convicted. Original Wall St. Journal Article California Reveals Details Of Self-Driving Car Accidents Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 06/19/2015 California state officials released reports Thursday detailing six accidents that involved self-driving car prototypes, reversing a policy that had shielded details of how the next-generation technology is performing during testing on public roads. The disclosure came after the Associated Press successfully argued to the Department of Motor Vehicles that the agency was improperly withholding the information. According to the reports, most of the cars were in self-driving mode when the accidents happened, and the other driver caused the accident. None of the crashes were serious enough to injure the person the state requires to sit behind the wheel, and the reports say none of the people in the other cars were treated for injuries either. Original LA Times Article Nixon Peabody Associate Sees Drone Practice Take Wing Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 06/19/2015 SAN FRANCISCO — Nixon Peabody associate Cameron Cloar-Zavaleta loves to fly—and to get his client's dreams off the ground. A former pilot, he's now helping clients secure Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) permission to operate drones for commercial purposes. So far he's gotten clearance for Bay Area-based BioSensing Systems to use drones to survey crops, and for Nebraska-based engineering and design firm Olsson Associates to conduct aerial inspections of infrastructure projects. The Recorder caught up with Cloar-Zavaleta to learn more about his high- and low-flying practice. Original Recorder Article NLR Company First in Arkansas to Get FAA Approval for Commercial Drone Use Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 06/19/2015 A North Little Rock company is the first in the state to receive Federal Aviation Administration approval to operate unmanned aerial systems commercially. Better known as drones, unmanned aerial systems (UAS) entail the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and the pilot controls. Zane Anderson's Aerial Patrol Inc. has operated a commercial helicopter service out of the North Little Rock airport for decades, and it created Airborne Information Systems (AIS) to launch a drone service for businesses. Original Arkansas Business Article County Legislature Approves Restrictions On Drone Use Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 06/19/2015 NEW CITY – The Rockland County Legislature broadly voted on Tuesday to approve a new set of county regulations which aim to prevent the illegal use of aerial drones. The law, which was subject to two public hearings and a re-write before it reached the body for a final vote, would require drone operators to obtain the permission of property owners who own land over which the small aircraft fly. The law would also restrict the use of drones on public lands unless a municipality gives permission to fliers. Flight of drones above other sensitive governmental buildings such as the Rockland County Jail and Sheriff’s complex, houses of worship, courts or sewer facilities is prohibited. Original Rockland Times Article Amazon Is Clearing A Flight Path Through Congress For Delivering With Drones Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 06/19/2015 Before Amazon’s drone deliveries can take flight, the retail giant wants state and local regulators to step aside. Amazon’s Vice President of Global Public Policy, Paul Misener, told a congressional oversight committee on Wednesday that it was crucial for the Federal Aviation Administration to set federal oversight rather than leaving rule-making to states and municipalities. “Uniform federal rules must apply,” he said. The FAA offered the first federal guidelines governing the use of commercial drones, or unmanned aircraft systems (UAS), on Feb. 15. While the draft rules were seen as a step toward unleashing the moneymaking potential of UAS, the policy has been challenged by privacy advocates and businesses bullish on drones. Original BuzzFeed Article Group Urges Drone Operators To Refuse Orders To Fly Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 06/19/2015 A group that helped sponsor commercials urging drone pilots not to fly missions has launched a new effort to persuade drone operators to disobey their orders. KnowDrones.com has submitted a letter to media outlets that urges drone pilots and sensor operators to refuse to fly surveillance and kill missions. Original Air Force Times Article The Ever-Evolving Cyber Threat To Planes Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 06/19/2015 Hackers and cyber-terrorists present an ever-evolving threat to airlines, with experts constantly testing for new vulnerabilities—including the fear that drones could be used to throw a plane off course. Most agree hacking a plane would be a near-impossible feat, but some professional hackers have claimed airline computer systems are riddled with weaknesses that could allow someone to break in, perhaps even through the in-flight entertainment system. Original Phys.org Article Japanese University Operns Center To Develop Automated Vehicles Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 06/19/2015 A new research center bringing together academia, industry and government has opened at Japan’s Nagoya University, with the aim of developing automated driving technologies as one of its first key projects. At the Nagoya University National Innovation Complex (NIC), researchers from the university’s schools of engineering, medicine, environmental studies and information science will work closely with their counterparts from six private companies, including Toyota, Panasonic and Fujitsu. Built at a cost of ¥4bn (US$32.4m), the NIC is located in an eight-floor building on the university’s Chikusa Ward campus, and forms part of a project by Japan’s Ministry for Science and Technology to build regional research hubs around the country. Original Traffic Technology Today Article UK Launches Code Of Practice For Driverless Vehicle Trials Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 06/19/2015 To ensure that the UK remains at the forefront of autonomous vehicle development, a new set of rules has been released that will allow four cities to become test beds for driverless cars. The new code of practice was launched at the Imagine Festival, a government-backed event at its Transport Systems Catapult headquarters in Milton Keynes. Original Traffic Technology Today Article Robot Cops Near You Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 06/16/2015 After an exchange of gunfire on Saturday morning, in Dallas, Texas, an explosive ordnance disposal robot rolled up to a van parked outside of a fast food restaurant. James Boulware, the van’s occupant, is suspected of being involved in a midnight shootout at the headquarters of the Dallas Police Department hours earlier. According to a statement by Police Chief David Brown, the robot first confirmed that the suspect had been killed in the firefight before proceeding to test the van for possible explosives. These robots are a growing presence in police departments across the country, due largely to a Department of Defense program that transfers excess military equipment to American police. Some 201 federal, state, and local law enforcement agencies have at least one EOD robot thanks to the military’s 1033 Program. Original Drone Center Article California Man Swats Neighbor's Drone Out Of The Sky Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 06/16/2015 Original ABC News Video Meet the New Generation of Robots for Manufacturing Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 06/15/2015 A new generation of robots is on the way—smarter, more mobile, more collaborative and more adaptable. They promise to bring major changes to the factory floor, as well as potentially to the global competitive landscape. Robots deployed in manufacturing today tend to be large, dangerous to anyone who strays too close to their whirling arms, and limited to one task, like welding, painting or hoisting heavy parts. The latest models entering factories and being developed in labs are a different breed. They can work alongside humans without endangering them and help assemble all sorts of objects, as large as aircraft engines and as small and delicate as smartphones. Soon, some should be easy enough to program and deploy that they no longer will need expert overseers. Original Wall Street Journal Article ICT And The Internet Open Lecture Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 06/09/2015 ICT and the Internet have reached mobility arena. Vehicles have become computers on wheels and start sharing their information to further improve traffic. As a consequence, the changes within and around the vehicle will happen exponentially, as is common in every industry where ICT enters. Carlo van de Weijer, director of the strategic area 'Smart Mobility' of TU Eindhoven and also working for TomTom, will present about these so-called disruptive changes. With the example of the changing world of transportation, but with clear links to other industries. Original High Tech Campus Eindhove Notice A Surprising Number Of Americans Say They'd Be Up For Letting Driverless Cars Replace Humans On The Road Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 06/09/2015 With Google’s self-driving cars hitting the public streets of Palo Alto this summer, American’s are engaging with the concept of taking their hands off the wheel more than ever before. And one study by the non-profit Eno Foundation showed that self-driving cars could potentially save more than 21,700 lives — not to mention $450 billion dollars a year. Even if some Google cars have been getting into accidents. But would people actually be willing to give up their right to drive in favor of potentially-safer driverless vehicles? Original UK Business Insider Article Self-Driving Cars Might Save You 100% On Car Insurance, Says Paper Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 06/09/2015 How much privacy or freedom would motorists sacrifice in exchange for never having to pay another car insurance premium? A future of self-driving cars portends a further erosion of privacy and the demise of the automobile as a symbol of individual freedom. On the bright side, beyond the convenience of having your own robot chauffeur, it could also make auto-liability coverage obsolete. Original Wall Street Journal Law Blog Article Journalists, Gov’ts Square Off in Game of Drones Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 06/09/2015 NEW YORK, Jun 5 2015 (IPS) - For some, the word “drone” immediately conjures up ominous phrases like “targeted assassination” and “precision strike.” Others, like the online retail behemoth Amazon, see the technology as way to rapidly deliver the goods to millions of customers. In truth, the potential applications are almost limitless. Drones are commonly used in law enforcement, scientific research, search and rescue, crop spraying and a host of other fields. Original Inter Press Service Article Forks Township Supervisors Discuss Possibility Of Drone Laws Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 06/09/2015 Modern technology could allow drones, often used by children and hobbyists, to be used in ways that could be either dangerous or criminal. Forks Township supervisors at their Thursday night workshop meeting discussed concerns about the unmanned flying vehicles. Supervisor Dan Martyak said the township should consider creating ordinances for a technology that he believes will become more prevalent in the near future. Original Lehigh Valley Live Article Connected Vehicles Get A Boost With Introduction Of V2I Investment Act Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 06/09/2015 The widespread introduction of connected vehicle technology has received a significant boost in the USA with the introduction of the Vehicle-to-Infrastructure Safety Technology Investment Flexibility Act of 2015 by US Senators Gary Peters (D-MI) and Roy Blunt (R-MO). The new bill authorizes states to use existing surface and highway transportation funding provided by the National Highway Performance Program (NHPP), the Surface Transportation Program (STP), and the Highway Safety Improvement Program (HSIP), to invest in Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) projects as they upgrade highway infrastructure. According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), V2I and its companion vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication technologies have the potential to eliminate up to 80% of vehicle accidents involving non-impaired drivers once they are fully deployed. Original Traffic Technology Today Article Virginia Announces Autonomous Vehicle Development Initiative Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 06/09/2015 Virginia’s Governor, Terry McAuliffe, has announced a new initiative to make the state a leader in researching and developing automated-vehicle technology. The Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) and the Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) have entered into a new partnership with the Virginia Tech Transportation Institute (VTTI), toll road operator Transurban, and Nokia’s Here mapping unit, in order to create the Virginia Automated Corridors. The new scheme will streamline the use of Virginia roads and state-of-the-art test facilities for automated-vehicle testing, certification, and migration towards deployment. Original Traffic Technology Today Article 10th Conference on Field and Service Robotics (FSR) Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 06/04/2015 10th Conference on Field and Service Robotics (FSR) June 24-26, 2015 Toronto, Canada. Original FSR Notification NASA And Verizon Plan To Monitor US Drone Network From Phone Towers Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 06/04/2015 Verizon, the US’s largest wireless telecom company, is developing technology with Nasa to direct and monitor America’s growing fleet of civilian and commercial drones from its network of phone towers. According to documents obtained by the Guardian, Verizon signed an agreement last year with Nasa “to jointly explore whether cell towers … could support communications and surveillance of unmanned aerial systems (UAS) at low altitudes”. Original The Guardian (UK) Article German Federal Prosecutor Investigating US Actions On Drones Base Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 06/04/2015 The German Federal Prosecutor is reported to have begun investigating a US base in Germany that is used as a ‘hub’ for drone strikes, days after a Yemeni man testified in a Cologne court about the 2012 strike that killed his relatives. According to a report in Der Spiegel, the Federal Prosecutor’s Office – Germany’s highest prosecuting authority – has launched a ‘monitoring process’ to ascertain whether activities at Ramstein, a US base in Germany, violate international law. The officials have reportedly requested documents from German authorities, including the Ministry of Defence, relating to the base – which was recently revealed to be a ‘hub’ for the facilitation of drone strikes in Yemen and elsewhere. Original Ekklesia Article Japan To Ban Drone Flights By Individuals In Residential Areas Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 06/04/2015 The government plans to ban individuals from operating drones in densely populated residential areas after a remote-controlled craft was found on the roof of the prime minister's office building in April. An outline of the proposed rules on drones was endorsed at a liaison meeting of relevant government agencies on June 2. The government will submit a bill to amend the Aviation Law, which currently does not regulate the operation of small unmanned aircraft, for passage during the ordinary Diet session that is due to wind up June 24. According to the outline, only licensed drone operators will be allowed to fly the aircraft in densely populated residential areas and near airports. Individual users will be banned, in principle, from flying drones in these areas. Original Asahi Shimbun Article Drone on Drones: Justice Department Drone Policy Emphasizes Privacy and Transparency Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 06/04/2015 Although contractors, real estate agents and others who want to use drones as a business tool are complaining that the Federal Aviation Administration is taking too long to legalize the small, unmanned aircrafts, the prolonged wait could be a chance for future “pilots” to educate themselves and prepare their companies for the new technology. Original Construction Dive Article Drone on Drones: Justice Department Drone Policy Emphasizes Privacy and Transparency Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 06/04/2015 Federal agencies deploying surveillance drones in domestic airspace will be required to conduct annual privacy reviews, the Department of Justice announced last week. The new policy aims to require DOJ employees to assess the relative intrusiveness of the proposed use of drones and balance it against the particular investigative need. The goal is to ensure that federal law enforcement officials use the least intrusive means to accomplish their operational needs. Original JD Supra Business Advisor Article Korea Enforces Flying Regulation On Drones Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 06/01/2015 Flying drones can be an innocent hobby. But the miniature aircraft can pose a threat to people's privacy and safety, especially without proper supervision. According to Korea's transportation ministry, the number of illegal drone incidents jumped from ten cases in 2012 to 49 last year, mainly because people aren't aware of Korea's drone laws. Original Arirang News Article Drone Legislation Appears In State House Budget Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 06/01/2015 State House leaders are applying a familiar strategy in their attempt to bring more clarity to the state’s unmanned aircraft system law. The legislation in House Bill 4, which passed the full chamber by a 106-5 vote April 29, has been included in the House budget for fiscal 2015-16. The Senate committee on Rules and Operations has not acted on the House bill since receiving it May 5. Original Winston-Salem Journal FAA Grants First Vt. Commercial Drone Permit To Startup Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 06/01/2015 A Burlington company that develops software and hardware for unmanned aerial vehicles, or drones, is the first company in Vermont to get a federal permit allowing the use of drones for commercial purposes. AirShark, a startup based in Burlington’s Generator maker space, received the state’s first Section 333 exemption permit from the Federal Aviation Administration. Current regulations prohibit the use of unmanned aerial vehicles, or UAVs, for commercial use, but AirShark’s Jon Burdreski said there are several potential uses for the technology. Original Rutland Herald Article Passenger Jet Nearly Collides With Drone In Midair; Lasers Target Planes Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 06/01/2015 A passenger jet nearly collided midair with a drone at 2,700 feet as it approached New York's LaGuardia Airport on Friday, the Federal Aviation Administrationsays. The crew of Shuttle America Flight 2708 reported climbing 200 feet to avoid a collision as the plane made its final approach to the airport around 11 a.m., according to Newsday. The jet, with 70 to 78 passenger seats, was arriving from Washington, D.C., and landed safely without any reported injuries. Sen. Charles Schumer, D-N.Y., said the incident should be a wake-up call for stricter limits on drone use. Original USA Today Article Qualcomm Robotics Accelerator Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 06/01/2015 The new Techstar powered Qualcomm Robotics Accelerator announced their first intake of 10 startups today. Startups receive $120k funding and participate in a 16 week program in San Diego where they have access to a range of mentors including Qualcomm experts, designs and technology. Startups can also leverage the Techstars network. Original Qualcomm Accelerator Notification Call For Robotic Startups Created by: Tim Dennison Posted: 06/01/2015 CALL FOR STARTUPS OPENS JUNE 1st 2015 (6am PST) Silicon Valley Robotics and Robohub are looking for robotics startups with innovative technologies and strong business models. ___________________________________________________________________ About the Committee AI and Robotics are no longer topics of the distant future. AI software is used for underwriting mortgage loans and discovering new breakthrough pharmaceuticals. Our military flies drone planes, you can buy a Lexis that will parallel park for you or a Roomba to vacuum your floors. This committee addresses the legal issues that arise from such technologies. This committee addresses all aspects of law and devices that replicate or appear to replicate human mental or physical activity - learning, reasoning, communicating, manipulating objects, etc. Activity will be divided into two broad topic categories: The first, use in legal activities, will address advances such as automated contract drafting and interpretation, compliance monitoring, and even law enforcement. The second will track changes in statute, regulation, and case law about, or which specifically affect parties engaged in, artificial intelligence and robotics. As technology advances, the committee will address the challenges posed by ever smarter and more-dexterous machines that can out-perform humans. The Committee will soon offer a listserv, on-line publications, and working groups. Webinars and teleconferences will follow. Conversation with Committee Chair ___________________________________________________________________ Message From The Chair AI and Robotics are no longer topics of the distant future. AI software is used for underwriting mortgage loans and discovering new breakthrough pharmaceuticals. Our military flies drone planes, you can buy a Lexis that will parallel park for you or a Roomba to vacuum your floors. This committee addresses the legal issues that arise from such technologies. This committee addresses all aspects of law and devices that replicate or appear to replicate human mental or physical activity - learning, reasoning, communicating, manipulating objects, etc. Activity will be divided into two broad topic categories: The first, use in legal activities, will address advances such as automated contract drafting and interpretation, compliance monitoring, and even law enforcement. The second will track changes in statute, regulation, and case law about, or which specifically affect parties engaged in, artificial intelligence and robotics. As technology advances, the committee will address the challenges posed by ever smarter and more-dexterous machines that can out-perform humans. The Committee will soon offer a listserv, on-line publications, and working groups. Webinars and teleconferences will follow. ___________________________________________________________________ Web Store Products Unmanned Aircraft in the National Airspace: Critical Issues, Technology, and the Law Unmanned Aircraft in the National Airspace: Critical Issues, Technology, and the Law ISBN: 978-1-62722-998-2 Product Code: 5450074 2015, 368 pages, 7 x 10, Paperback This book is accessible to all readers, from the general public to those in the legal profession, as well as those operating or utilizing drones and unmanned aircraft for commercial, academic, government, or recreation ... Leadership Chair: Henshon, Matthew Vice-Chair: Borowski, Samuel Committee Roster Join Us - Join Our Committee - Join The ABA ___________________________________________________________________ Blogs and Related Sites Click through to see an eclectic collection of blogs and other websites about AI or Robotics. more... ___________________________________________________________________ Committee Reports 2015-16 Committee Work Plan [word-Icon.gif] ___________________________________________________________________ Other Links of Interest Previous Announcements Archive [xls-icon.gif] Case List: Artificial Intelligence [word-Icon.gif] Case List: Robotics [word-Icon.gif] ___________________________________________________________________ Sites of Interest LinkedIn AI & Robotics Group AUVSI's Code of Conduct Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory Stanford Artificial Intelligence Lab Carnegie Mellon University's Robotics Institute Singularity Institute for Artifical Intelligence KurzweilAI.net Artificial Intelligence Applications Institute (Edinburgh Univ.) Deep Blue (IBM Research) MIT Media Lab National Robotics Week NASA's Robotics Alliance Project Modified by Matthew Henshon on January 21, 2016 Back to Top American Bar Association, Attorneys, Chicago, IL * For the Public * ABA-Approved Law Schools * Law School Accreditation * Public Education * Public Resources * Resources For * Bar Associations * Government and Public Sector Lawyers * Judges * Law Students * Military Lawyers * * Non-US Lawyers * Public Interest Lawyers * Senior Lawyers * Solo and Small Firms * Young Lawyers * Stay Connected * Twitter * Facebook * LinkedIn * ABA Career Center * Contact Us Online Terms of Use | Code of Conduct | Privacy Policy | Your California Privacy Rights | Copyright & IP Policy | Advertising & Sponsorship | ABA | © 2015 ABA, All Rights Reserved #The Next Silicon Valley » Feed The Next Silicon Valley » Comments Feed alternate alternate * About The Next Silicon Valley * Contact Us FacebookTwitter The Next Silicon Valley * Home * News + Technology + Policy + Talent + Funding + Location * Events * Engage * Subscribe * Contact Us * Google News ____________________ (BUTTON) Monday, 28 November 2016 You are here: Home 2016 November 20 Emerging tech like artificial intelligence and robotics need better governance to realize full potential Emerging tech like artificial intelligence and robotics need better governance to realize full potential Posted on November 20, 2016 by Nitin Dahad | Emerging tech like artificial intelligence and robotics need better governance to realize full potential Not an event goes by without us talking about the impact of technology, and terms like IoT (internet of things), cloud, big data, AI (artificial intelligence) are widely touted as being the ‘next big things’. For example, we talk about billions of connected devices enabling smart decisions, or robots taking over many types of jobs in the future, or how artificial intelligence will solve lots of complex challenges. It’s no surprise then that governments and industry thought leaders are engaged in conversations on the consequences of having all this technology integrated into everything. Research published this month by the World Economic Forum says that for emerging technologies to achieve their full potential to improve human life and address global challenges, action is needed to make sure their use is governed properly. This was echoed by a survey of the world’s top technology investors at the Web Summit in Lisbon, which said governments are failing to prepare for the impact of artificial intelligence – which is set to destroy millions of jobs, according to a poll of the. The survey at the event found that 53 percent agreed that it was “inevitable that artificial intelligence will destroy millions of jobs”. The vast majority of investors (93%) said governments were not prepared for the impact of AI on jobs. The World Economic Forum research was part of a survey of nearly 900 experts that was used to compile its Global Risks report. When asked which emerging technologies need better governance, two technologies were clear outliers: artificial intelligence and robotics, followed by biotechnologies. The third technology most in need of governance is energy capture, storage and transmission. Top 12 emerging technologies in need of better governance: 1. Artificial intelligence and robotics 2. Biotechnologies 3. Energy capture, storage and transmission 4. Blockchain and distributed ledger 5. Geoengineering 6. Neurotechnologies 7. Ubiquitous presence of linked sensors 8. New computing technologies 9. Advanced materials and nanomaterials 10. Virtual and augmented realities 11. Space technologies 12. 3D printing “Despite the great promise that new technologies hold for improving life in the future, it’s clear that more work needs to be done in order to allow them to reach their full potential. This doesn’t just mean managing risks attached to them, but putting in place regulatory environments to allow markets and people to fully leverage the emerging opportunities,” said Margareta Drzeniek Hanouz, head of global competitiveness and risks and member of the Executive Committee at the World Economic Forum. “Rapid advances in AI have revealed current governance and control mechanisms to be at best inadequate to meet accompanying risks. New structures will not only need to meet existing challenges, but also be fast and adaptable enough to keep up with further innovation,” said John Drzik, president, global risk and specialties, Marsh (MMC), USA. “Governing these new technologies requires a collective and diverse set of skills and expertise. It is crucial that regulatory stakeholders understand the technologies as well as the underlying and interconnected risks embedded in each step of technological evolution, from design to implementation. Leveraging on multi-stakeholder platforms such as the World Economic Forum helps overcome the knowledge gaps to derive maximum benefit from these new technologies. This will also have a positive impact on economy and society over time,” said John Scott, chief risk officer of commercial insurance, Zurich Insurance Group, Switzerland. The Global Risks report was developed with Marsh & McLennan Companies and Zurich Insurance Group, and the findings were announced at the World Economic Forum’s annual meeting of the Global Future Councils in Dubai, where over 700 experts convened to discuss and develop ideas that will prepare the world for a future that is already being shaped by new technologies and what the WEF calls the ‘fourth industrial revolution’. More information on the event is at this link. [Top image credit: future of life institute] Filed in: Government, Innovation, Technology Tags: Artificlal intelligence, emerging tech, robotics, Web Summit Share This Post * * * * * Related Posts * India’s shock currency move could be a major boost for digital India and start up ecosystem India’s shock currency move could be a major boost for digital India and start up ecosystem * Silicon Valley continues to produce leading companies in Deloitte US Technology Fast 500 Silicon Valley continues to produce leading companies in Deloitte US Technology Fast 500 * China will punch back hard in Trump trade war China will punch back hard in Trump trade war * State of innovation 2016: a new level of collaboration driving up global innovation output State of innovation 2016: a new level of collaboration driving up global innovation output Latest tweets My Tweets Random Posts * Europe needs to capitalize on data-driven innovation, or risk being left behind Europe needs to capitalize on data-driven innovation, or risk being left behind * The 10 innovations that could impact our lives in 2016 The 10 innovations that could impact our lives in 2016 * Crowd-sourced online learning: is this the innovation that education now needs? * A tale of two (Silicon) Valleys A tale of two (Silicon) Valleys * Investors gather in Silicon Valley to explore global tech trends and impact in education Investors gather in Silicon Valley to explore global tech trends and impact in education Popular Posts * Brazil nurtures its own mini Silicon Valley-like clusters Brazil nurtures its own mini Silicon Valley-like clusters * Creating successful innovation ecosystems – the rainforest analogy Creating successful innovation ecosystems – the rainforest analogy * Innovation in economic development: new incentives for the 21st century Innovation in economic development: new incentives for the 21st century * Is there more to India’s poor global innovation ranking? Is there more to India’s poor global innovation ranking? * Innovation and technology’s role in producing most digital Olympics games ever Innovation and technology’s role in producing most digital Olympics games ever The Next Silicon Valley With ‘innovation’ becoming the global buzzword, and cities/regions attempting to emulate the Silicon Valley of California, USA, we explore technology, innovation, regional clusters, their relationships with academia, and entrepreneurs, plus inter-related funding & business development activity. Recent Posts * India’s shock currency move could be a major boost for digital India and start up ecosystem * Emerging tech like artificial intelligence and robotics need better governance to realize full potential * Silicon Valley continues to produce leading companies in Deloitte US Technology Fast 500 * China will punch back hard in Trump trade war * Cell phone, consumer electronics prices will soar under Trump Categories * Technology * Policy * Talent * Funding * Events * Location Sign up for our newsletter First Name: ____________________ Last Name: ____________________ Email Address ____________________ Sign up ____________________ © Copyright 2015 The Next Silicon Valley Terms & Conditions | Privacy Policy [littler-logo.png] Skip to main content Littler Mendelson P.C. Search form Search _______________ (Search) Search * People * Locations * Practices & Industries * Service Solutions * News & Analysis * Littler GPS * Workplace Policy Institute * Littler Learning Group * Littler CaseSmart * Littler HR PolicySmart * Home Care Toolkit * Littler LaborSmart * ComplianceHR * Littler X-celerator * Littler Big Data Initiative * Diversity & Inclusion Consulting * Littler Xmpt Toolkit * Littler Franchise Compliance Toolkit * Littler Fiduciary Toolkit * Important Links * Diversity & Inclusion * Press * Events * Video * Careers * About * More Littler Sites * Littler Global * Littler CaseSmart * ComplianceHR * Our Client Service Guarantee™ Search _______________ (Search) Search * Our Client Service Guarantee™ * Diversity & Inclusion * Press * Events * Video * Careers * About Littler Mendelson P.C. * People * Locations * Practices & Industries * Service Solutions * News & Analysis * More Littler Sites * Littler Global * Littler CaseSmart * ComplianceHR * Littler GPS * Workplace Policy Institute * Littler Learning Group * Littler CaseSmart * Littler HR PolicySmart * Home Care Toolkit * Littler LaborSmart * ComplianceHR * Littler X-celerator * Littler Big Data Initiative * Diversity & Inclusion Consulting * Littler Xmpt Toolkit * Littler Franchise Compliance Toolkit * Littler Fiduciary Toolkit Robotics, Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Automation The use of robotics in the workplace is no longer a science fiction concept. In fact, robotics is the fastest growing industry in the world, poised to become the largest in the next decade. It is projected that, by 2025, half of the jobs currently performed in the U.S. will be performed by intricate machines and software. As employers incorporate robotic technology into the workplace, they must also adapt their compliance systems to this unique and rapidly evolving industry. Employers in the robotics industry should prepare for the legislative and regulatory obstacles that could affect how they do business in the U.S. and abroad. Attorneys in Littler’s Robotics, Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Automation practice group regularly assist employers in the technology sector and employers that are integrating technological advances into their workplaces to navigate the complex and evolving terrain of employment and labor law. As the world’s largest law firm focusing solely on legal and regulatory issues affecting employers, Littler is positioned to help businesses confront the new challenges that robotics brings. Our Robotics practice group also works closely with Littler’s Workplace Policy Institute™ to provide expert testimony and model policies on issues of greatest import to this industry. The following are the “Top 10” employment and labor law issues most impacted by the robotics revolution and growth of artificial intelligence (AI): * Workplace Privacy and eDiscovery * Workers’ Compensation * Health and Safety * State Rights Statutes * Anti-Discrimination Protections * Wage and Hour Requirements * Trade Secret Protection and Covenants Not-to-Compete * Unionization and Collective Bargaining Requirements * Human Displacement * International Standards and Agreements How Can We Help? Attorneys in Littler’s Robotics practice group handle a broad spectrum of employment and labor issues, from workplace privacy to health and safety. Here’s how Littler can help: * Provide employment and labor law representation and compliance assistance to employers in the robotics industry and employers integrating robotics and AI systems into their workplaces in the U.S. and worldwide. * Through Littler’s Workplace Policy Institute™, provide model policies and expert testimony to legislatures, parliaments and regulatory agencies on employment and labor law compliance, challenges and practical recommendations on the adoption and implementation of workplace robotics. * Provide a customized review of your robotics products and software to assess whether their use conflicts with workplace laws, and suggest compliance solutions. * Examine how your products or software could be used to help users attain workplace compliance. For example, robotic exoskeletons or voice-activated software might be an appropriate reasonable accommodation for an individual with disabilities. The above is just a sampling of our experience representing robotics entities in employment and labor law matters. To learn more about the Robotics practice group, our specific experience, and how we can help you, please contact your Littler Attorney. Contact Our Team Complete the form to see how our attorneys may be able to assist you Request a Proposal View all team members Robotics, Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Automation Contacts Natalie A. Pierce Co-Chair, Robotics, AI and Automation Industry Group San Francisco, CA npierce@littler.com (415) 288-6321 Garry G. Mathiason Co-Chair, Robotics, AI and Automation Industry Group San Francisco, CA gmathiason@littler.com (415) 677-3146 Ready to meet the whole team? View all team members Related News & Analysis Littler’s Zev Eigen Speaks on Use of Big Data in Employment Decisions at NYU Law School Conference on AI, People Analytics, & Employment Law October 27, 2016 FTC Report: With Big Data Can Come Big Responsibility January 22, 2016 The Transformation of the Workplace Through Robotics, Artificial Intelligence, and Automation August 4, 2016 The Big Move Toward Big Data in Employment August 4, 2015 Related Press Former Littler Chair Takes Lead of Firm’s AI Practice November 16, 2016 How New Technology Could Create New Legal Problems July 8, 2016 Ready or Not, Lawyers are Increasingly Bound to AI by Ethical, Legal Standards June 16, 2016 Why Government Regulations Help Workers' Productivity May 4, 2016 An Employment Lawyer’s Take on Robots in the Workplace February 29, 2016 2016 Workforce/Workplace Forecast January 15, 2016 Littler Recognized as a Top Law Firm for Innovation by the Financial Times December 11, 2015 Innovative Lawyers Award Winner Catches the Mood of an Age December 8, 2015 Why Employers Need to Prepare for a New Age November 1, 2015 The singularity and employment August 1, 2015 Robots Might Take Your Job, But Here's Why You Shouldn't Worry July 28, 2015 Littler Shareholders Scott Forman and Garry Mathiason Recognized as “Fastcase 50” Legal Innovators July 16, 2015 Labor and Employment Law in a World of Automated Systems June 23, 2015 The latest wearable fashion: exoskeletons June 17, 2015 Martine Rothblatt Interview: Welcome to Cyberia January 2, 2015 Ready to work with Littler? 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Attorney Advertising. © 2016 Littler Mendelson P.C. #Brookings » Feed Brookings » Comments Feed Brookings » How robots, artificial intelligence, and machine learning will affect employment and public policy Comments Feed Africa in the news: Electoral violence erupts in Guinea and Congo; Electricity rates rise in Nigeria; President Zuma cancels proposed tuition hike amid student protests Europe’s migrant crisis: How friends and foes could help alternate alternate IFRAME: //www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-WHWFZ5 Search Brookings ____________________ Search * About Us * Experts * Events * The Brookings Press * Brookings Exec Ed * Support Brookings * Careers * Cart ... * (BUTTON) Search How robots, artificial intelligence, and machine learning will affect employment and public policy * Facebook * Twitter * LinkedIn * Email * Print * SMS * More * * Reddit * Google * * Stumbleupon * * Cities & Regions * Global Development * International Affairs * U.S. Economy * U.S. Politics & Government * More (BUTTON) (BUTTON) * Trending * Campaigns & Elections * U.S. Politics & Government * Cities & Regions robot_greeter TechTank How robots, artificial intelligence, and machine learning will affect employment and public policy Jack Karsten and Darrell M. West Monday, October 26, 2015 TechTank * Facebook * Twitter * LinkedIn * Email * Print * SMS * More * * Reddit * Google * * Stumbleupon * Emerging technologies like industrial robots, artificial intelligence, and machine learning are advancing at a rapid pace, but there has been little attention to their impact on employment and public policy. Darrell West addresses this topic in a new paper titled What Happens If Robots Take the Jobs? The Impact of Emerging Technologies on Employment and Public Policy. It examines what happens if robots end up taking jobs from humans and how this will affect public policy. While emerging technologies can improve the speed, quality, and cost of available goods and services, they may also displace large numbers of workers. This possibility challenges the traditional benefits model of tying health care and retirement savings to jobs. In an economy that employs dramatically fewer workers, we need to think about how to deliver benefits to displaced workers. The impacts of automation technologies are already being felt throughout the economy. The worldwide number of industrial robots has increased rapidly over the past few years. The falling prices of robots, which can operate all day without interruption, make them cost-competitive with human workers. In the service sector, computer algorithms can execute stock trades in a fraction of a second, much faster than any human. As these technologies become cheaper, more capable, and more widespread, they will find even more applications in an economy. The recent trend towards increased automation stems in part from the Great Recession, which forced many businesses to operate with fewer workers. After growth resumed, many businesses continued automating their operations rather than hiring additional workers. This echoes a trend among technology companies that receive massive valuations with relatively few workers. For example, in 2014 Google was valued at $370 billion with only 55,000 employees, a tenth the size of AT&T’s workforce in the 1960s. “There needs to be ways for people to live fulfilling lives even if society needs relatively few workers.” Related * virtual_reality_test TechTank The ethical dilemmas of virtual reality Darrell M. West Monday, April 18, 2016 * robot001 Technology & Innovation What happens if robots take the jobs? The impact of emerging technologies on employment and public policy Darrell M. West Monday, October 26, 2015 * nanoscale_microscope TechTank Nanotechnology promises powerful new applications for the Internet of Things Jack Karsten and Darrell M. West Tuesday, September 29, 2015 Experts disagree on the size of the impact that automation technologies will have on the workforce. While some warn of staggering unemployment, others point out that technology may create new job categories that will employ displaced workers. A third group argues that the computers will have little effect on employment in the future. Any policy measures that address the future of employment must account for the uncertainty of outcomes on employment. If automation technologies like robots and artificial intelligence make jobs less secure in the future, there needs to be a way to deliver benefits outside of employment. “Flexicurity,” or flexible security, is one idea for providing healthcare, education, and housing assistance whether or not someone is formally employed. Expanding the Earned Income Tax Credit, providing a guaranteed basic income, and encouraging corporate profit-sharing are some ideas that need to be considered in the case of persistent unemployment. Get daily updates from Brookings Enter Email ____________________ Subscribe Perhaps the most provocative question raised by the paper is how people will choose to spend their time outside of traditional jobs. “Activity accounts” could finance lifelong education or volunteering for worthy causes. Working fewer hours will enable some to spend more time with friends and family, or on creative pursuits. No matter how people choose to spend time, “there needs to be ways for people to live fulfilling lives even if society needs relatively few workers.” You can read the full paper here, and leave comments below. Related Books * U Upcoming Unleashing Innovation and Entrepreneurship in Europe By Andrea Renda, Felice Simonelli, José Manuel Leceta, and Totti Könnölä 2016 * BSP volume 1 number 2 Behavioral Science & Policy Edited by Craig Fox and Sim B. Sitkin 2016 * G Global Health Challenges By Julio Frenk, Louise O. Fresco, Phua Kai Hong, and Pablo Kuri-Morales 2016 Authors J Jack Karsten Center Coordinator jtkarsten Headshot of Darrell West, VP of Governance Studies Darrell M. West Vice President and Director - Governance Studies Founding Director - Center for Technology Innovation @DarrWest Related Topics * Technology & Innovation More on Technology & Innovation People walk by an electronic billboard in New York U.S., November 9, 2016. REUTERS/Shannon Stapleton - RTX2SVGN TechTank 2016 election results exposed a fractured media landscape Michael Ahn Wednesday, November 23, 2016 doctor_patient003 TechTank The future of health information technology in a Trump presidency Niam Yaraghi Tuesday, November 22, 2016 metro_20161117_city_overview The Avenue The gig economy: Complement or cannibal? 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Email check failed, please try again Sorry, your blog cannot share posts by email. #Andrew Ng RSS2 Feed Andrew Ng » Feed Andrew Ng » Comments Feed Andrew Ng » STAIR: Stanford Artificial Intelligence Robot Comments Feed Andrew Ng Andrew Ng * Home * Video * About * Publications * Research * My Group * Courses * FAQ * Contact Home / Research past projects / STAIR: Stanford Artificial Intelligence Robot STAIR: Stanford Artificial Intelligence Robot * * * next pervious Deep Learning And Unsupervised Feature Learning We consider the problem of building highlevel, class-specific feature detectors from only unlabeled data. Authors: Quoc V. Le, Marc'Aurelio Ranzato, Rajat Monga, Matthieu Devin, Kai Chen, Greg S. Corrado, Jeffrey Dean and Andrew Y. Ng. (2012) CONTRIBUTED BY Andrew Ng Ellen Klingbeil Quoc V. Le Ashutosh Saxena Morgan Quigley Olga Russakovsky Stephen Gould Paul Baumstarck Eric Berger ang@cs.stanford.edu Description Since its birth in 1956, the AI dream has been to build systems that exhibit broad-spectrum competence and intelligence. In the STAIR (STanford AI Robot) project, we are building a robot that can navigate home and office environments, pick up and interact with objects and tools, and intelligently converse with and help people in these environments. Our single robot platform will integrate methods drawn from all areas of AI, including machine learning, vision, navigation, manipulation, planning, reasoning, and speech/natural language processing. This is in distinct contrast to the 30-year trend of working on fragmented AI sub-fields, and will be a vehicle for driving research towards true integrated AI. Over the long term, we envision a single robot that can perform tasks such as: Fetch or deliver items around the home or office. Tidy up a room, including picking up and throwing away trash, and using the dishwasher. Prepare meals using a normal kitchen. Use tools to assemble a bookshelf. A robot capable of these tasks will revolutionize home and office automation, and have important applications ranging from home assistants to elderly care. However, carrying out such tasks will require significant advances in integrating learning, manipulation, perception, spoken dialog, and reasoning. Selected Papers High-Accuracy 3D Sensing for Mobile Manipulation: Improving Object Detection and Door Opening., Morgan Quigley, Siddarth Batra, Stephen Gould, Ellen Klingbeil, Quoc Le, Ashley Wellman, Andrew Y. Ng. To appear in International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), 2009 [pdf] Learning 3-D Object Orientation from Images, Ashutosh Saxena, Justin Driemeyer, Andrew Y Ng. To appear in International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), 2009.[pdf] Reactive Grasping using Optical Proximity Sensors, Kaijen Hsiao, Paul Nangeroni, Manfred Huber, Ashutosh Saxena, Andrew Y Ng. To appear in International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), 2009.[pdf] Learning grasp strategies with partial shape information, Ashutosh Saxena, Lawson Wong, and Andrew Y. Ng. In AAAI, 2008.[pdf] A Fast Data Collection and Augmentation Procedure for Object Recognition, Benjamin Sapp, Ashutosh Saxena, and Andrew Y. Ng. In AAAI, 2008.[pdf] Robotic Grasping of Novel Objects using Vision, Ashutosh Saxena, Justin Driemeyer, and Andrew Y. Ng. International Journal of Robotics Research (IJRR), vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 157-173, Feb 2008.[pdf] A Vision-based System for Grasping Novel Objects in Cluttered Environments, Ashutosh Saxena, Lawson Wong, Morgan Quigley, and Andrew Y. Ng. In International Symposium of Robotics Research (ISRR), 2007.[pdf] Robotic Grasping of Novel Objects, Ashutosh Saxena, Justin Driemeyer, Justin Kearns, and Andrew Y. Ng. Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS 19), 2006.[pdf] Peripheral-Foveal Vision for Real-time Object Recognition and Tracking in Video, Stephen Gould, Joakim Arfvidsson, Adrian Kaehler, Benjamin Sapp, Marius Meissner, Gary Bradski, Paul Baumstarch, Sukwon Chung and Andrew Y. Ng. Proceedings of the Twentieth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-07), 2007.[pdf] Probabilistic Mobile Manipulation in Dynamic Environments, with Application to Opening Doors, Anya Petrovskaya and Andrew Y. Ng. Proceedings of the Twentieth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-07), 2007.[pdf] Depth Estimation Using Monocular and Stereo Cues, Ashutosh Saxena, Jamie Schulte and Andrew Y. Ng. Proceedings on the Twentieth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-07), 2007. Learning to grasp novel objects using vision, Ashutosh Saxena, Justin Driemeyer, Justin Kearns, Chioma Osondu, and Andrew Y. Ng. International Symposium on Experimental Robotics (ISER), 2006.[pdf] Bayesian estimation for autonomous object manipulation based on tactile sensors, Anya Petrovskaya, Oussama Khatib, Sebastian Thrun, and Andrew Y. Ng. Proceedings of the International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), 2006. Have we met? MDP based speaker ID for robot dialogue, Filip Krsmanovic, Curtis Spencer, Daniel Jurafsky and Andrew Y. Ng. Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (InterSpeech--ICSLP), 2006.[pdf] Workshop Papers ROS: an open-source Robot Operating System, Morgan Quigley, Brian Gerkey, Ken Conley, Josh Faust, Tully Foote, Jeremy Leibs, Eric Berger, Rob Wheeler, Andrew Y. Ng. To Appear in Open-source software workshop of the International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), 2009. Integrating Visual and Range Data for Robotic Object Detection, Stephen Gould, Paul Baumstarck, Morgan Quigley, Andrew Y. Ng, Daphne Koller. Presented in Multi-camera and Multi-modal Sensor Fusion Algorithms and Applications workshop, European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV), 2008. Learning to Open New Doors, Ellen Klingbeil, Ashutosh Saxena, Andrew Y. Ng. In RSS Workshop on Robot Manipulation, 2008[pdf] Learning to Open New Doors, Ellen Klingbeil, Ashutosh Saxena, Andrew Y. Ng. Presented in AAAI 17th Annual Robot Workshop and Exhibition, 2008. STAIR: The STanford Artificial Intelligence Robot project, Andrew Y. Ng, Stephen Gould, Morgan Quigley, Ashutosh Saxena, Eric Berger. Snowbird, 2008. STAIR: Hardware and Software Architecture, Andrew Y. Ng, Stephen Gould, Morgan Quigley, Ashutosh Saxena and Eric Berger. Presented in AAAI 2007 Robotics Workshop, 2007. Ashutosh Saxena, Justin Driemeyer, Justin Kearns and Andrew Y. Ng. Presented in RSS workshop on Robotic Manipulation, 2006. Datasets Mentioned below are some of the datasets used in the development of the algorithms for STAIR. Object Grasping Data - This dataset contains the images of objects (real and synthetic), depthmaps (range image), and the grasp labels (i.e, where to grasp the object). Details 3-D Object Data - This dataset contains the images of objects, in kitchen and office environments, taken from a 3-D camera (swissranger). The labels (object class, and the point at which to grasp an object) are also given. Augmented dataset for Object recognition - A database of 10 office object classes, collected in a real-world cluttered environment and on green screen. This data served us in our experimental work, and also to develop classifiers for our mobile robotics application. For collecting this data, we used our technique proposed in: A Fast Data Collection and Augmentation Procedure for Object Recognition, Benjamin Sapp, Ashutosh Saxena, and Andrew Y. Ng. AAAI, 2008. Details Other Resources- STAIR Vision Library (SVL) is a cross-platform open-source computer vision and machine learning software library. Details | Download Video Links Opening many doors and using elevator buttons Opening a single door Operating an elevator button Operating an elevator while navigating between floors Grasping (Barrett 3-fingered hand) in cluttered environments Learning to Open New Doors Fetching a stapler. Using a learned strategy for grasping novel objects, foveal-peripheral computer vision, depth perception and indoor navigation, and an MDP-based spoken dialog system, this shows STAIR fetching an item in response to a verbal request (6x speed) Unloading items from a dishwasher (2x speed) Opening a door (8x speed) __________________________________________________________________ * Project's Link : http://stair.stanford.edu/ * IFRAME: //www.facebook.com/plugins/like.php?href=http%3A%2F%2Fai.stanford.e du%2F%7Eang%2F&send=false&layout=button_count&width=150&show_faces= true&font&colorscheme=light&action=like&height=21 * Tweet * * O2O VIDEOS No Related Item Available Leave a Reply Cancel reply You must be logged in to post a comment ____________________ Search Recent Posts * Hello world! * Hello world! 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In recent years the mushrooming power, functionality and ubiquity of computers and the Internet have outstripped early forecasts about technology’s rate of advancement and usefulness in everyday life. Alert pundits now foresee a world saturated with powerful computer chips, which will increasingly insinuate themselves into our gadgets, dwellings, apparel and even our bodies. Yet a closely related goal has remained stubbornly elusive. In stark contrast to the largely unanticipated explosion of computers into the mainstream, the entire endeavor of robotics has failed rather completely to live up to the predictions of the 1950s. In those days experts who were dazzled by the seemingly miraculous calculational ability of computers thought that if only the right software were written, computers could become the artificial brains of sophisticated autonomous robots. Within a decade or two, they believed, such robots would be cleaning our floors, mowing our lawns and, in general, eliminating drudgery from our lives. Obviously, it hasn’t turned out that way. It is true that industrial robots have transformed the manufacture of automobiles, among other products. But that kind of automation is a far cry from the versatile, mobile, autonomous creations that so many scientists and engineers have hoped for. In pursuit of such robots, waves of researchers have grown disheartened and scores of start-up companies have gone out of business. It is not the mechanical “body” that is unattainable; articulated arms and other moving mechanisms adequate for manual work already exist, as the industrial robots attest. Rather it is the computer-based artificial brain that is still well below the level of sophistication needed to build a humanlike robot. Nevertheless, I am convinced that the decades-old dream of a useful, general-purpose autonomous robot will be realized in the not too distant future. By 2010 we will see mobile robots as big as people but with cognitive abilities similar in many respects to those of a lizard. The machines will be capable of carrying out simple chores, such as vacuuming, dusting, delivering packages and taking out the garbage. By 2040, I believe, we will finally achieve the original goal of robotics and a thematic mainstay of science fiction: a freely moving machine with the intellectual capabilities of a human being. Reasons for Optimism In light of what I have just described as a history of largely unfulfilled goals in robotics, why do I believe that rapid progress and stunning accomplishments are in the offing? My confidence is based on recent developments in electronics and software, as well as on my own observations of robots, computers and even insects, reptiles and other living things over the past 30 years. The single best reason for optimism is the soaring performance in recent years of mass-produced computers. Through the 1970s and 1980s, the computers readily available to robotics researchers were capable of executing about one million instructions per second (MIPS). Each of these instructions represented a very basic task, like adding two 10-digit numbers or storing the result in a specified location in memory. In the 1990s computer power suitable for controlling a research robot shot through 10 MIPS, 100 MIPS and has lately reached 50,000 MIPS in a few high-end desktop computers with multiple processors. Apple’s MacBook laptop computer, with a retail price at the time of this writing of $1,099, achieves about 10,000 MIPS. Thus, functions far beyond the capabilities of robots in the 1970s and 1980s are now coming close to commercial viability. For example, in October 1995 an experimental vehicle called Navlab V crossed the U.S. from Washington, D.C., to San Diego, driving itself more than 95 percent of the time. The vehicle’s self-driving and navigational system was built around a 25-MIPS laptop based on a microprocessor by Sun Microsystems. The Navlab V was built by the Robotics Institute at Carnegie Mellon University, of which I am a member. Similar robotic vehicles, built by researchers elsewhere in the U.S. and in Germany, have logged thousands of highway kilometers under all kinds of weather and driving conditions. Dramatic progress in this field became evident in the DARPA Grand Challenge contests held in California. In October 2005 several fully autonomous cars successfully traversed a hazard-studded 132-mile desert course, and in 2007 several successfully drove for half a day in urban traffic conditions. In other experiments within the past few years, mobile robots mapped and navigated unfamiliar office suites, and computer vision systems located textured objects and tracked and analyzed faces in real time. Meanwhile personal computers became much more adept at recognizing text and speech. Still, computers are no match today for humans in such functions as recognition and navigation. This puzzled experts for many years, because computers are far superior to us in calculation. The explanation of this apparent paradox follows from the fact that the human brain, in its entirety, is not a true programmable, general-purpose computer (what computer scientists refer to as a universal machine; almost all computers nowadays are examples of such machines). To understand why this is requires an evolutionary perspective. To survive, our early ancestors had to do several things repeatedly and very well: locate food, escape predators, mate and protect offspring. Those tasks depended strongly on the brain’s ability to recognize and navigate. Honed by hundreds of millions of years of evolution, the brain became a kind of ultrasophisticated—but special-purpose—computer. The ability to do mathematical calculations, of course, was irrelevant for survival. Nevertheless, as language transformed human culture, at least a small part of our brains evolved into a universal machine of sorts. One of the hallmarks of such a machine is its ability to follow an arbitrary set of instructions, and with language, such instructions could be transmitted and carried out. But because we visualize numbers as complex shapes, write them down and perform other such functions, we process digits in a monumentally awkward and inefficient way. We use hundreds of billions of neurons to do in minutes what hundreds of them, specially “rewired” and arranged for calculation, could do in milliseconds. A tiny minority of people are born with the ability to do seemingly amazing mental calculations. In absolute terms, it’s not so amazing: they calculate at a rate perhaps 100 times that of the average person. Computers, by comparison, are millions or billions of times faster. Can Hardware Simulate Wetware? The challenge facing roboticists is to take general-purpose computers and program them to match the largely special-purpose human brain, with its ultraoptimized perceptual inheritance and other peculiar evolutionary traits. Today’s robot-controlling computers are much too feeble to be applied successfully in that role, but it is only a matter of time before they are up to the task. Implicit in my assertion that computers will eventually be capable of the same kind of perception, cognition and thought as humans is the idea that a sufficiently advanced and sophisticated artificial system—for example, an electronic one—can be made and programmed to do the same thing as the human nervous system, including the brain. This issue is controversial in some circles right now, and there is room for brilliant people to disagree. At the crux of the matter is the question of whether biological structure and behavior arise entirely from physical law and whether, moreover, physical law is computable—that is to say, amenable to computer simulation. My view is that there is no good scientific evidence to negate either of these propositions. On the contrary, there are compelling indications that both are true. Molecular biology and neuroscience are steadily uncovering the physical mechanisms underlying life and mind but so far have addressed mainly the simpler mechanisms. Evidence that simple functions can be composed to produce the higher capabilities of nervous systems comes from programs that read, recognize speech, guide robot arms to assemble tight components by feel, classify chemicals by artificial smell and taste, reason about abstract matters, and so on. Of course, computers and robots today fall far short of broad human or even animal competence. But that situation is understandable in light of an analysis, summarized in the next section, that concludes that today’s computers are only powerful enough to function like insect nervous systems. And, in my experience, robots do indeed perform like insects on simple tasks. Ants, for instance, can follow scent trails but become disoriented when the trail is interrupted. Moths follow pheromone trails and also use the moon for guidance. Similarly, many commercial robots can follow guide wires installed below the surface they move over, and some orient themselves using lasers that read bar codes on walls. If my assumption that greater computer power will eventually lead to human-level mental capabilities is true, we can expect robots to match and surpass the capacity of various animals and then finally humans as computer-processing rates rise sufficiently high. If on the other hand the assumption is wrong, we will someday find specific animal or human skills that elude implementation in robots even after they have enough computer power to match the whole brain. That would set the stage for a fascinating scientific challenge—to somehow isolate and identify the fundamental ability that brains have and that computers lack. But there is no evidence yet for such a missing principle. The second proposition, that physical law is amenable to computer simulation, is increasingly beyond dispute. Scientists and engineers have already produced countless useful simulations, at various levels of abstraction and approximation, of everything from automobile crashes to the “color” forces that hold quarks and gluons together to make up protons and neutrons. Nervous Tissue and Computation If we accept that computers will eventually become powerful enough to simulate the mind, the question that naturally arises is: What processing rate will be necessary to yield performance on a par with the human brain? To explore this issue, I have considered the capabilities of the vertebrate retina, which is understood well enough to serve as a Rosetta stone roughly relating nervous tissue to computation. By comparing how fast the neural circuits in the retina perform image-processing operations with how many instructions per second it takes a computer to accomplish similar work, I believe it is possible to at least coarsely estimate the information-processing power of nervous tissue—and by extrapolation, that of the entire human nervous system. The human retina is a patch of nervous tissue in the back of the eyeball half a millimeter thick and approximately two centimeters across. It consists mostly of light-sensing cells, but one tenth of a millimeter of its thickness is populated by image-processing circuitry that is capable of detecting edges (boundaries between light and dark) and motion for about a million tiny image regions. Each of these regions is associated with its own fiber in the optic nerve, and each performs about 10 detections of an edge or a motion each second. The results flow deeper into the brain along the associated fiber. From long experience working on robot vision systems, I know that similar edge or motion detection, if performed by efficient software, requires the execution of at least 100 computer instructions. Therefore, to accomplish the retina’s 10 million detections per second would necessitate at least 1,000 MIPS. The entire human brain is about 75,000 times heavier than the 0.02 gram of processing circuitry in the retina, which implies that it would take, in round numbers, 100 million MIPS (100 trillion instructions per second) to emulate the 1,500-gram human brain. Personal computers in 2008 are just about a match for the 0.1-gram brain of a guppy, but a typical PC would have to be at least 10,000 times more powerful to perform like a human brain. Brainpower and Utility Though dispiriting to artificial-intelligence experts, the huge deficit does not mean that the goal of a humanlike artificial brain is unreachable. Computer power for a given price doubled each year in the 1990s, after doubling every 18 months in the 1980s and every two years before that. Prior to 1990 this progress made possible a great decrease in the cost and size of robot-controlling computers. Cost went from many millions of dollars to a few thousand, and size went from room-filling to handheld. Power, meanwhile, held steady at about 1 MIPS. Since 1990 cost and size reductions have abated, but power has risen to about 10,000 MIPS for a home computer. At the present pace, only about 20 or 30 years will be needed to close the gap. Better yet, useful robots don’t need full human-scale brainpower. Commercial and research experiences convince me that the mental power of a guppy—about 10,000 MIPS—will suffice to guide mobile utility robots reliably through unfamiliar surroundings, suiting them for jobs in hundreds of thousands of industrial locations and eventually hundreds of millions of homes. A few machines with 10,000 MIPS are here already, but most industrial robots still use processors with less than 1,000 MIPS. Commercial mobile robots have found few jobs. A paltry 10,000 work worldwide, and the companies that made them are struggling or defunct. (Makers of robot manipulators are not doing much better.) The largest class of commercial mobile robots, known as automatic guided vehicles (AGVs), transport materials in factories and warehouses. Most follow buried signal-emitting wires and detect end points and collisions with switches, a technique developed in the 1960s. It costs hundreds of thousands of dollars to install guide wires under concrete floors, and the routes are then fixed, making the robots economical only for large, exceptionally stable factories. Some robots made possible by the advent of microprocessors in the 1980s track softer cues, like magnets or optical patterns in tiled floors, and use ultrasonics and infrared proximity sensors to detect and negotiate their way around obstacles. The most advanced industrial mobile robots, developed since the late 1980s, are guided by occasional navigational markers—for instance, laser-sensed bar codes—and by preexisting features such as walls, corners and doorways. The costly labor of laying guide wires is replaced by custom software that is carefully tuned for each route segment. The small companies that developed the robots discovered many industrial customers eager to automate transport, floor cleaning, security patrol and other routine jobs. Alas, most buyers lost interest as they realized that installation and route changing required time-consuming and expensive work by experienced route programmers of inconsistent availability. Technically successful, the robots fizzled commercially. In failure, however, they revealed the essentials for success. First, the physical vehicles for various jobs must be reasonably priced. Fortunately, existing AGVs, forklift trucks, floor scrubbers and other industrial machines designed for accommodating human riders or for following guide wires can be adapted for autonomy. Second, the customer should not have to call in specialists to put a robot to work or to change its routine; floor cleaning and other mundane tasks cannot bear the cost, time and uncertainty of expert installation. Third, the robots must work reliably for at least six months before encountering a problem or a situation requiring downtime for reprogramming or other alterations. Customers routinely rejected robots that after a month of flawless operation wedged themselves in corners, wandered away lost, rolled over employees’ feet or fell down stairs. Six months, though, earned the machines a sick day. Robots exist that have worked faultlessly for years, perfected by an iterative process that fixes the most frequent failures, revealing successively rarer problems that are corrected in turn. Unfortunately, that kind of reliability has been achieved only for prearranged routes. An insectlike 10 MIPS is just enough to track a few handpicked landmarks on each segment of a robot’s path. Such robots are easily confused by minor surprises such as shifted bar codes or blocked corridors (not unlike ants thrown off a scent trail or a moth that has mistaken a streetlight for the moon). A Sense of Space Robots that chart their own routes emerged from laboratories worldwide in the mid-1990s, as microprocessors reached 100 MIPS. Most build two-dimensional maps from sonar or laser rangefinder scans to locate and route themselves, and the best seem able to navigate office hallways for days before becoming disoriented. Of course, they still fall far short of the six-month commercial criterion. Too often different locations in the coarse maps resemble one another. Conversely, the same location, scanned at different heights, looks different, or small obstacles or awkward protrusions are overlooked. But sensors, computers and techniques are improving, and success is in sight. My efforts are in the race. In the 1980s at Carnegie Mellon we devised a way to distill large amounts of noisy sensor data into reliable maps by accumulating statistical evidence of emptiness or occupancy in each cell of a grid representing the surroundings. The approach worked well in two dimensions and still guides many of the robots described above. Three-dimensional maps, 1,000 times richer, promised to be much better but for years seemed computationally out of reach. In 1992 we used economies of scale and other tricks to reduce the computational costs of three-dimensional maps 100-fold. Continued research led us to found a company, Seegrid, that sold its first dozen robots by late 2007. These are load-pulling warehouse and factory “tugger” robots that, on command, autonomously follow routes learned in a single human-guided walk-through. They navigate by three-dimensionally grid-mapping their route, as seen through four wide-angle stereoscopic cameras mounted on a “head,” and require no guide wires or other navigational markers. Robot, Version 1.0 In 2008 desktop PCs offer more than 10,000 MIPS. Seegrid tuggers, using slightly older processors doing about 5,000 MIPS, distill about one visual “glimpse” per second. A few thousand visually distinctive patches in the surroundings are selected in each glimpse, and their 3-D positions are statistically estimated. When the machine is learning a new route, these 3-D patches are merged into a chain of 3-D grid maps describing a 30-meter “tunnel” around the route. When the tugger is automatically retracing a taught path, the patches are compared with the stored grid maps. With many thousands of 3-D fuzzy patches weighed statistically by a so-called sensor model, which is trained offline using calibrated example routes, the system is remarkably tolerant of poor sight, changes in lighting, movement of objects, mechanical inaccuracies and other perturbations. Seegrid’s computers, perception programs and end products are being rapidly improved and will gain new functionalities such as the ability to find, pick up and drop loads. The potential market for materials-handling automation is large, but most of it has been inaccessible to older approaches involving buried guide wires or other path markers, which require extensive planning and installation costs and create inflexible routes. Vision-guided robots, on the other hand, can be easily installed and rerouted. Fast Replay Plans are afoot to improve, extend and miniaturize our techniques so that they can be used in other applications. On the short list are consumer robot vacuum cleaners. Externally these may resemble the widely available Roomba machines from iRobot. The Roomba, however, is a simple beast that moves randomly, senses only its immediate obstacles and can get trapped in clutter. A Seegrid robot would see, explore and map its premises and would run unattended, with a cleaning schedule minimizing owner disturbances. It would remember its recharging locations, allowing for frequent recharges to run a powerful vacuum motor, and also would be able to frequently empty its dust load into a larger container. Commercial success will provoke competition and accelerate investment in manufacturing, engineering and research. Vacuuming robots ought to beget smarter cleaning robots with dusting, scrubbing and picking-up arms, followed by larger multifunction utility robots with stronger, more dexterous arms and better sensors. Programs will be written to make such machines pick up clutter, store, retrieve and deliver things, take inventory, guard homes, open doors, mow lawns, play games, and so on. New applications will expand the market and spur further advances when robots fall short in acuity, precision, strength, reach, dexterity, skill or processing power. Capability, numbers sold, engineering and manufacturing quality, and cost-effectiveness will increase in a mutually reinforcing spiral. Perhaps by 2010 the process will have produced the first broadly competent “universal robots,” as big as people but with lizardlike 20,000-MIPS minds that can be programmed for almost any simple chore. Like competent but instinct-ruled reptiles, first-generation universal robots will handle only contingencies explicitly covered in their application programs. Unable to adapt to changing circumstances, they will often perform inefficiently or not at all. Still, so much physical work awaits them in businesses, streets, fields and homes that robotics could begin to overtake pure information technology commercially. A second generation of universal robot with a mouselike 100,000 MIPS will adapt as the first generation does not and will even be trainable. Besides application programs, such robots would host a suite of software “conditioning modules” that would generate positive and negative reinforcement signals in predefined circumstances. For example, doing jobs fast and keeping its batteries charged will be positive; hitting or breaking something will be negative. There will be other ways to accomplish each stage of an application program, from the minutely specific (grasp the handle underhand or overhand) to the broadly general (work indoors or outdoors). As jobs are repeated, alternatives that result in positive reinforcement will be favored, those with negative outcomes shunned. Slowly but surely, second-generation robots will work increasingly well. A monkeylike five million MIPS will permit a third generation of robots to learn very quickly from mental rehearsals in simulations that model physical, cultural and psychological factors. Physical properties include shape, weight, strength, texture and appearance of things, and ways to handle them. Cultural aspects include a thing’s name, value, proper location and purpose. Psychological factors, applied to humans and robots alike, include goals, beliefs, feelings and preferences. Developing the simulators will be a huge undertaking involving thousands of programmers and experience-gathering robots. The simulation would track external events and tune its models to keep them faithful to reality. It would let a robot learn a skill by imitation and afford a kind of consciousness. Asked why there are candles on the table, a third-generation robot might consult its simulation of house, owner and self to reply that it put them there because its owner likes candlelit dinners and it likes to please its owner. Further queries would elicit more details about a simple inner mental life concerned only with concrete situations and people in its work area. Fourth-generation universal robots with a humanlike 100 million MIPS will be able to abstract and generalize. They will result from melding powerful reasoning programs to third-generation machines. These reasoning programs will be the far more sophisticated descendants of today’s theorem provers and expert systems, which mimic human reasoning to make medical diagnoses, schedule routes, make financial decisions, configure computer systems, analyze seismic data to locate oil deposits, and so on. Properly educated, the resulting robots will become quite formidable. In fact, I am sure they will outperform us in any conceivable area of endeavor, intellectual or physical. Inevitably, such a development will lead to a fundamental restructuring of our society. Entire corporations will exist without any human employees or investors at all. Humans will play a pivotal role in formulating the intricate complex of laws that will govern corporate behavior. Ultimately, though, it is likely that our descendants will cease to work in the sense that we do now. They will probably occupy their days with a variety of social, recreational and artistic pursuits, not unlike today’s comfortable retirees or the wealthy leisure classes. The path I’ve outlined roughly recapitulates the evolution of human intelligence—but 10 million times more rapidly. It suggests that robot intelligence will surpass our own well before 2050. In that case, mass-produced, fully educated robot scientists working diligently, cheaply, rapidly and increasingly effectively will ensure that most of what science knows in 2050 will have been discovered by our artificial progeny! [rightsPermsIcon.png] Rights & Permissions Advertisement | Report Ad ABOUT THE AUTHOR(S) HANS MORAVEC is an adjunct professor at Carnegie Mellon University. He constructed his first mobile robot--an assemblage of tin cans, batteries, lights and a motor--at age 10. His current work focuses on enabling robots to determine their position and to navigate by a three-dimensional awareness of their surroundings. Since 2004 Moravec has been chief scientist of Seegrid Corporation, founded to commercialize "tuggers" and other robots for warehouses and factories. 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All Rights Reserved. dcsimg #Robohub » Feed Robohub » Comments Feed home news views talk learn [ ] topics Research & Innovation Business & Finance Health & Medicine Politics, Law & Society Arts & Entertainment Education & DIY Events Military & Defense Exploration & Mining Mapping & Surveillance Enviro. & Agriculture Aerial Automotive Industrial Automation Consumer & Household Space team about contribute republish crowdfunding archives calls&events ♥ support us ↑ up news views talk learn | about contribute republish crowdfunding archives events ≡ ≡ ♥ support us team about contribute republish crowdfunding archives events ____________________ Submit news views talk learn Tweet View Comments Why football, not chess, is the true final frontier for robotic artificial intelligence by Daniel Polani Politics, Law & Society News July 20, 2016 Robocup 2013 in Eindhoven. Photo credit: Ralf Roletschek via Wikimedia Commons. Robocup 2013 in Eindhoven. Photo credit: Ralf Roletschek via Wikimedia Commons. The perception of what artificial intelligence was capable of began to change when chess grand master and world champion Garry Kasparov lost to Deep Blue, IBM’s chess-playing program, in 1997. Deep Blue, it was felt, had breached the domain of a cerebral activity considered the exclusive realm of human intellect. This was not because of something technologically new: in the end, chess was felled by the brute force of faster computers and clever heuristics. But if chess is considered the game of kings, then the east Asian board game Go is the game of emperors. Significantly more complex, requiring even more strategic thinking, and featuring an intricate interweaving of tactical and strategical components, it posed an even greater challenge to artificial intelligence. Go relies much more on pattern recognition and subtle evaluation of the general positions of playing pieces. With a number of possible moves per turn an order of magnitude greater than chess, any algorithm trying to evaluate all possible future moves was expected to fail. Until the early 2000s, programs playing Go progressed slowly, and could be beaten by amateurs. But this changed in 2006, with the introduction of two new techniques. First was the Monte Carlo tree search, an algorithm that rather than attempting to examine all possible future moves instead tests a sparse selection of them, combining their value in a sophisticated way to get a better estimate of a move’s quality. The second was the (re)discovery of deep networks, a contemporary incarnation of neural networks that had been experimented with since the 1960s, but which was now cheaper, more powerful, and equipped with huge amounts of data with which to train the learning algorithms. The combination of these techniques saw a drastic improvement in Go-playing programs, and ultimately Google DeepMind’s AlphaGo program beat Go world champion Lee Sedol in March 2016. Now that Go has fallen, where do we go from here? The future of AI is in physical form Following Kasparov’s defeat in 1997, scientists considered that the challenge for AI was not to conquer some cerebral game. Rather, it needed to be physically embodied in the real world: football. Football is easy for humans to pick up, but to have a humanoid robot running around a field on two legs, seeing and taking control of the ball, communicating under pressure with teammates, and all mostly without falling over, was considered completely out of the question in 1997. Only a handful of laboratories were able to design a walking humanoid robot. Led by Hiroaki Kitano and Manuela Veloso, the ambitious goal set that year was to have by 2050 a team of humanoid robots able to play a game of football against the world champion team according to FIFA rules, and win. And so the RoboCup competition was born. IFRAME: https://www.youtube.com/embed/tAd1IeovyY8?feature=oembed The RoboCup tournament held its 20th competition in Leipzig this year. Its goal has always been to improve and challenge the capacity of artificial intelligence and robotics, not in the abstract but in the much more challenging form of physical robots that act and interact with others in real time. In the years since, many other organisations have recognised how such competitions boost technological progress. The first RoboCup featured only wheeled robots and simulated 2D football leagues, but soon leagues that permitted Sony’s four-legged AIBO robot dogs were introduced and, since 2003, humanoid leagues. In the beginning, the humanoids’ game was quite limited, with very shaky robots attempting quivering steps, and where kicking the ball almost invariably caused the robot to fall. In recent years, their ability has significantly improved: many labs now boast five or six-a-side humanoid robot teams. IFRAME: https://www.youtube.com/embed/pzYHAp7b7sY?feature=oembed No ordinary ballgame In order to push competitors on to reach the goal of a real football match by 2050, the conditions are made harder every year. Last year, the green carpet was replaced by artificial turf, and the goalposts and the ball coloured white. This makes it harder for robots to maintain stability and poses a challenge of recognising the goals and ball. So while the robots may seem less capable this year than the year before, it’s because the goalposts are moving. The tasks involved in playing football, although much more intuitive to humans than chess or Go, are a major challenge for robots. Technical problems of hitherto unimaginable complexity have to be solved: timing a kick while running, identifying the ball against a glaring sun, running on wet grass, providing the robot with sufficient energy for 45 minutes’ play, even the materials that go into constructing a robot can’t disintegrate during a forceful game. Other problems to be solved will define important aspects of our life with robots in the future: when a robot collides with a human player, who can take how much damage? If humans commit fouls, may a robot foul back? RoboCup offers up in miniature the problems we face as we head towards intelligent robots interacting with humans. It is not in the cerebral boardgames of chess or Go, but here on the pitch in the physical game of football that the frontline of life with intelligent robots is being carved out. This article was originally published on The Conversation. Read the original article. If you enjoyed this article, you may also want to read: * Live coverage: Robocup 2016 * In praise of robot football * ShanghAI Lectures: Xiao’an Li “Action Skill Developmental Learning for Autonomous Soccer Robots” Daniel Polani is a Professor of Artificial Intelligence at University of Hertfordshire... read more Daniel Polani RoboCup Subscribe to Robohub's newsletter. Weekly and monthly options‏. ____________________ Subscribe print permalink republishing guidelines Other articles on similar topics: The Ford factor: Mad scientists and corporate villains Why watching Westworld’s robots should make us question ourselves The new Westworld: Humanizing the un-human, or dehumanizing humankind? President Obama discusses artificial intelligence with Media Lab Director Joi Ito White House releases reports focusing on opportunities and challenges of AI more about Politics-Law-Society.. 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NAO Next Gen now available for a wider audience NAO Next Gen now available for a wider audience * latest posts popular reported elsewhere Robots muscle in on the job interview | FT In the future, will farming be fully automated? | BBC ‘MekaMon’ mixes biology and mechanics for mesmerizing robot battles | Forbes Graveyard shift: Zombie-like robot helps guard cemetery at night | Global Times Yann LeCun: The Next Frontier in AI (Unsupervised) | CMU RI Seminar Jibo Social Robot Won’t Ship in 2016 | Robotics Trends Cockroach robot flips itself with insect-inspired wings | IEEE Spectrum Tech would use drones and insect biobots to map disaster areas | Science Daily Wireless brain implant allows “locked-in” woman to communicate | Scientific American ROOBO and Nuance to deliver conversational AI robots globally | Business Wire U-M offers open-access automated cars to advance driverless research | University of Michigan News Paralysed Iraq war veteran walks for the first time in eight years thanks to pair of robotic legs | SWNS Robots likely to be used in classrooms as learning tools, not teachers | The Conversation Berkeley’s 3D Robotics launches construction drone service | San Francisco Chronicle The hover camera could change your travel photos | Architectural Digest The future of artificial intelligence and cybernetics | MIT Technology Review Meet the woman working to make delivery-by-drone a reality | Fortune Experts release new roadmap for US robotics | ZDNet How a robot could be grandma’s new carer | The Guardian Not human: Major news outlets are using AI to cover the 2016 elections | Futurism Mecha Monsters April 17, 2016 A dedicated jobs board for the global robotics community. 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Join the Robohub crowdfunding page and increase the visibility of your campaign * news * views * talk * learn * team * about * contribute * republishing * crowdfunding * archives * ♥ support us Browse by topic: * Research & Innovation * Business & Finance * Health & Medicine * Politics, Law & Society * Arts & Entertainment * Education & DIY * Events * Military & Defense * Exploration & Mining * Mapping & Surveillance * Enviro. & Agriculture * Aerial * Automotive * Industrial Automation * Consumer & Household * Space Robohub Focus Series: * Robohub focus on diversity * Focus on soft robotics * Standardizing robotics * Regulating robotics * Robots for eldercare * The Autonomous Car R/Evolution * Robohub focus on arts and entertainment * Big Deals: Giants Investing in Robotics * Robotic cornucopia: agricultural robotics * Getting Started in Robotics: Focus on Education * Frontier robotics: High risks, high rewards * Robohub focus: Dealing with the ‘jobs’ question * Focus on robots and warfare Robohub Features: * Robohub Digest Subscribe to Robohub mailing list ____________________ Subscribe * facebook * twitter * Google+ * Youtube * youku * linkedin * pinterest * RSS Follow @Robohub [robohub.png] [robotspodcast.png] [robojobs.png] [roboevents.png] #Consultancy.uk News [consultancy_uk_logo.png] * Partners * Consulting Industry * Career * Jobs * Events * Consulting Firms * News Menu * Home * News * Consulting Firms * Events * Jobs * Career * Consulting Industry * Partners Artificial Intelligence and robotics high on financial services agenda 06 July 2016 Consultancy.uk Latest news * [1480079016989_Two-thirds-of-European-FinTech-startups-eye-strong-r evenue-growth.jpg] Two thirds of European FinTech startups eye strong revenue growth * [1480322195226_private-equity-spot.jpg] Private Equity increasingly focused on meeting ESG and SDG goals * [1480320508983_blockchain-spot.jpg] Consortium launches blockchain technology initiative for logistics * [1479986449122_Transport-for-New-South-Wales-hires-UK-Altran-team-f or-train-safety-.jpg] Transport for New South Wales calls in railway experts from Altran * [1479988787684_Atos-and-Siemens-deepen-their-relationship-through-8 0-million-investment.jpg] Atos and Siemens deepen their relationship through €80 million investment * [1479993495383_L.E.K.-appoints-Jean-Christophe-Coulot-and-Christian -Seiffert-Partner.jpg] Jean-Christophe Coulot and Christian Seiffert appointed partner at L.E.K. * [1479289982056_Booming-demand-for-Swiss-watches-fades-as-China-wobb les.jpg] Swiss watchmakers see fortunes turn as Chinese demand wobbles * [Linkedin-Follow-Consultancy.jpg] * [1480065166230_Bluefin---marsh.jpg] Marsh ramps up insurance footprint in UK with Bluefin acquisition * [1479989085412_Arup-supports-UK-China-Smart-Cities-Development-and- Investment-Hub.jpg] Arup and HSBC support UK-China Smart Cities Development hub * [1479989708590_RSM-hires-Alex-Foster-as-Partner-and-Maya-Panova-as- Associate-Director-.jpg] RSM hires Alex Foster as Partner and Maya Panova as Associate Director As financial services organisations predict and plan for the way consumers will manage their money in the future, artificial intelligence (AI) is high on the business development strategy for 2016 and beyond, says Gideon Hyde from design consultancy Market Gravity. The co-founder shares his thoughts on the emerging technology and explains how businesses can embrace AI to enhance their offerings, meet consumer demand for speed, personalisation and convenience, and launch new products and services to stand out in the competitive marketplace. AI is already around us and used every day within payments, money management and for robo-advice, particularly in the area of intelligent digital assistants that handle regular customer service enquiries and tasks. It can process ‘big data’ far more efficiently than humans and can recognise speech, images, text, patterns of online behaviour, for example to detect fraud as well as appropriate advertisements for upselling. Smart machines and technology can turn data into customer insights and enhance service provisions, bringing the digital experience closer to the human interaction for consumers. Santander announced it is to provide secure transactions using voice recognition via its banking app, while Royal Bank of Scotland has trialled ‘Luvo’ AI customer service assistance to interact with staff and potentially serve customers in the future. In Sweden, Swedbank’s Nina Web assistant achieved an average of 30.000 conversations per month and first-contact resolution of 78% in its first three months. Nina can handle over 350 different customer questions and answers. Several other banks in the UK and internationally have similar systems in place or are trialling them. artificial intelligence in banking These organisations, alongside new challenger banks and payment providers, are leading the way in intelligent banking, with other traditional banks and financial institutions expected to follow suit. Machine learning Machine learning technology has advanced rapidly over the last ten years, and there are now more flexible and cost-effective solutions that banks can implement, even with their often legacy-burdened IT systems. The computer analyses new information and compares it with existing data to look for patterns, similarities and differences. By repeating the activity, the machine improves its ability to predict and classify information making it easier to make data-driven decisions. Banks and fintech companies already use machine learning to detect fraud by flagging unusual transactions, as well as for other purposes. It’s far more efficient than human manual monitoring and is expected to become the norm in banking and finance. Consumers, particularly millennials, increasingly prefer digital servicing channels over going into a branch or calling in and have experienced AI in other areas of their lives – for example Siri on iPhones. From an economic standpoint, AI applied to customer servicing is also a big opportunity for retail banks to increase automation and reduce the cost of serving customers – which will be attractive as banks across the sector seek to reduce their cost bases. Customer benefits Personalisation is a major talking point for banks and many are experimenting with innovative ways to match products and services to the consumer. For the customer the technology can simplify the money management process and offer suggestions and recommendations for upgrades and new services by matching algorithms. There are also great examples of companies embracing personal financial management (PFM) such as San Francisco start-up Wallet.AI, a new app which helps consumers make smarter purchase decisions, manage their finances and make cost savings while they are out and about spending money. The robots are coming Google’s Rat Kurzweil predicts robots will reach human levels of intelligence by 2029 if they can overcome current limitations. Pepper the Robot is the world’s first humanoid robot with human emotions, developed by Softbank, one of Japan’s biggest telecommunications companies, in collaboration with Paris-based robotics experts, Aldebaran. Pepper is already being used in customer services industries as a replacement to an informational booth or welcome desk. Now, a partnership with IBM means the Watson-powered version offers a service that developers can build into their apps or devices to make them smarter by doing things such as analysing data, making personal recommendations and even understanding human language and emotion. The Watson-powered Pepper will be able to tap into data such as social media, video, images and text with more types of jobs in development. Robots and humans in banking Mizuho Financial Group bank in Japan introduced Pepper to its flagship branch in Tokyo in summer 2015 to deal with customer enquiries, while Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group trialled ‘Nao’, humanoid robot to interact with customers, also designed and developed by Aldebaran. Robotics are already being used for back office tasks, but Pepper and Nao are pushing the boundaries of what an autonomous, artificially intelligent robot can do within a banking setting, and we envisage a time when robots will work side-by-side with humans. Where to next? While AI can improve customer experiences, machines will not simply replace human customer service staff – many consumers will still want to speak with a person for more complex queries and so the key for banks will be delivering a service that gets the balance right between machine and human, ensuring human intervention at the necessary points. Banking and financial services organisations need to pay attention to technological developments such as AI and plan ahead for what is coming and how they will address the changes. The way businesses discover and implement innovation is shifting, with the launch of venture teams and accelerator panels or internal ‘incubators’ to bring a start-up mentality to corporate organisations. The growth of automated services, AI and robotics has heightened the need for traditional banks, financial services and payment providers to work closely with proposition designers, coders, developers and marketers to ensure new concepts are identified, developed and commercialised professionally and effectively. Gideon Hyde is co-founder and CEO of Market Gravity, a proposition design consultancy with offices in London, Edinburgh and New York. * * * * * News * ____________________ * ____________________ + A.T. Kearney + Accenture + Arthur D. 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Advertisement 1. Home» 2. Men» 3. The Filter Artificial intelligence experts are building the world’s angriest robot. Should you be scared? A New Zealand AI company is creating an extremely angry robot. But is this a cause for concern or an exciting computing development? The killer robots of film might be closer than we think Killer robots from the film Terminator Photo: Warner Br/Everett/REX By Olivia Goldhill 5:46PM BST 12 May 2015 Follow Comments Comments It sounds like the beginning of an apocalyptic sci-fi film. A New Zealand artificial intelligence company is building the angriest robot in the world in the hopes of helping companies to understand and placate angry customers. The technology firm, Touchpoint group, has spent more than £230,000 on the project, which is expected to be live by the end of the year. So, is it time to start preparing for the robotic revolution? Not quite – though the long-term future of artificial intelligence is undeniably unnerving. The robot will only simulate anger Though it may seem aggressive, Touchpoint’s robot won’t come close to experiencing bona fide rage. Instead, the machine will have hundreds of millions of angry customer interactions uploaded to its database and the robot will be programmed to mimic and repeat these conversations. Dr Stuart Armstrong, a research fellow at the Future of Humanity Institute at the Oxford Martin School, Oxford University, says that anger is a relatively easy emotion to seemingly replicate in robots. "There’s not much variety in human anger. If someone’s angry they’ll just hurl insults at you, there’s not much subtlety of interaction so you don’t have to code anything complicated. Anger is easy to imitate without having to go into depth," he says. Fake robot anger is very basic – for now Touchpoint’s angry robot will only be programmed to show basic signs of rage, and will behave in a markedly different way from a genuinely angry human. Dr Armstrong explains: Quote Why would we be afraid of a human who’s angry? Well, because they might do something stupid and lash out. Robots are not going to start punching the person at the other end of the phone or spreading angry messages on Twitter. They’re not going to do a whole host of things that you would expect a genuinely angry person to do– unless it had been programmed to do that. And that’s how you can tell that their anger is purely situational. A sign that a robot has feeling is if they act in a way that we would expect a human to do but they weren’t programmed for. [ex-machina-vikande_3170840b.jpg] ^The film Ex Machina explores questions of robot consciousness Truly scary robots don't show any emotion Theoretically, we might one day be able to build robots that exhibit all human signs of anger. There is a complicated philosophical debate about the point at which mimicked emotion and consciousness is indistinguishable from actual emotion and consciousness. If a robot can exactly mimic human consciousness, and react with the same emotional responses to the same events, then are we really justified in calling it unconscious? But such an advanced computer is a hypothetical creation that we might see by the end of the century – and certainly won’t see in the next decade. And even if we do create an angry, human-esque robot, these are a far lesser concern than emotionless robots. Computer scientists are more likely to make an error with emotionless robots, which they might be less wary of, than robots that exhibit anger. “If we can create genuine anger as an emotion in robots, everything in our background tells us that this is dangerous and this is not something that should be placed in a position of power,” says Dr Armstrong. And programmers with sinister intentions would intentionally avoid angry robots. “If you want to cause harm, create a murderous robot but don’t make it angry. If you want to cause harm then creating the thing that signals danger to all humans is exactly what you want to avoid,” says Dr Armstrong. [iq_2432564b.jpg] ^A machine capable of thinking for itself and expressing emotion is being developed in Switzerland Instead, robots that have no human evidence of emotion could (hypothetically, far in the future) create a far greater threat. Dr Armstrong says: Quote Everything in our evolutionary background prepares us to deal with angry entities and knowing whether or not to trust them. If we get a robot that’s angry in the classically human sense, we know so much more about how to deal with it than a robot that does not exhibit anger of any sort but may have goals that are very dangerous. The dangerous ones are the ones that do not correspond to anything that we can classify on a human scale – the ones that are indifferent to some crucial aspect of the world. If AI are indifferent to humans, it’s obvious how that could go wrong. If they’re indifferent to some aspect of humans and they get great power, well that aspect of humanity may vanish. Should we worry about AI at all? Though angry robots may not be such a threat, Dr Armstrong says that it’s extremely difficult to predict whether or not Artificial Intelligence will eventually cause harm to humans. “Intelligence itself has allowed us to dominate the planet, so potentially higher intelligence might lead to much higher power,” he says. “AIs could become extremely powerful and then their preferences would influence the direction of the future. If these preferences are indifferent to some human element then things could end up quite badly for us.” But though it seems certain that AIs will become more powerful in the coming decades, it’s far from certain that they’ll reach a significant level of power. “There’s great uncertainty here,” says Dr Armstrong. How to program robots to avoid harm Dr Armstrong says that the threat posed by Artificial Intelligence is a “technical problem” being addressed by computer scientists. One option is specify and code human values – which is an extremely difficult task. “The disagreements among human values is almost unimportant in comparison with the difficulty of specifying this value sufficiently so that it can be coded. You have to solve all of moral ethics in computer code,” says Dr Armstrong. [science0_2315587b.jpg] ^Robots that look or act like humans, like those in the film I, Robot, are unlikely to be a major threat Dr Armstrong is working on an alternative solution, and is investigating whether robots can be made safe by programming it for “reduced impact.” He explains: Quote If you programmed a robot to remove a tumour then, once the tumour is gone, it might then immediately cut off someone’s leg. It’s motivation to remove the tumour is not safe. But if you programmed it to remove the tumour and have a small impact on the person, then it will remove the tumour without then doing something so drastic. So we’ve made an unsafe goal safe by adding reduced impact to it. Many values become a lot safer if you program the robot so that it won’t do a huge change. The future of Artificial Intelligence is extremely uncertain, and computer scientists like Dr Armstrong are working to make sure we’ll be safe from dangerous robots. But for now, the angry robot in New Zealand poses no serious threat. Sci-fi horror stories haven’t become reality yet. telegraph.co.uk Read more from Telegraph Men Sailor performs kitesurfing stunt British sailor Alex Thomson will unveil his third death-defying stunt – the #Skywalk. Thomson’s last two stunts – the Keelwalk (2012) and the Mastwalk (2014) - have now been watched by millions of people all around the world. The Skywalk – which involves Thomson kitesurfing more than 280ft in the air at high speed, over the top of his IMOCA 60 Hugo Boss race boat – is set to be his most dangerous feat yet. In pics: British yachtsman Alex Thomson sails 280ft into the air above Hugo Boss racing yacht Daniel Bryan: a short wrestler in a big man's world WWE superstar Daniel Bryan flies through the air At 5ft 8in, Daniel Bryan is not your average WWE hardman. 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What are Robots? Robots are the artificial agents acting in real world environment. Objective Robots are aimed at manipulating the objects by perceiving, picking, moving, modifying the physical properties of object, destroying it, or to have an effect thereby freeing manpower from doing repetitive functions without getting bored, distracted, or exhausted. What is Robotics? Robotics is a branch of AI, which is composed of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Computer Science for designing, construction, and application of robots. Aspects of Robotics * The robots have mechanical construction, form, or shape designed to accomplish a particular task. * They have electrical components which power and control the machinery. * They contain some level of computer program that determines what, when and how a robot does something. Difference in Robot System and Other AI Program Here is the difference between the two − AI Programs Robots They usually operate in computer-stimulated worlds. They operate in real physical world The input to an AI program is in symbols and rules. Inputs to robots is analog signal in the form of speech waveform or images They need general purpose computers to operate on. They need special hardware with sensors and effectors. Robot Locomotion Locomotion is the mechanism that makes a robot capable of moving in its environment. There are various types of locomotions − * Legged * Wheeled * Combination of Legged and Wheeled Locomotion * Tracked slip/skid Legged Locomotion * This type of locomotion consumes more power while demonstrating walk, jump, trot, hop, climb up or down, etc. * It requires more number of motors to accomplish a movement. It is suited for rough as well as smooth terrain where irregular or too smooth surface makes it consume more power for a wheeled locomotion. It is little difficult to implement because of stability issues. * It comes with the variety of one, two, four, and six legs. If a robot has multiple legs then leg coordination is necessary for locomotion. The total number of possible gaits (a periodic sequence of lift and release events for each of the total legs) a robot can travel depends upon the number of its legs. If a robot has k legs, then the number of possible events N = (2k-1)!. In case of a two-legged robot (k=2), the number of possible events is N = (2k-1)! = (2*2-1)! = 3! = 6. Hence there are six possible different events − * Lifting the Left leg * Releasing the Left leg * Lifting the Right leg * Releasing the Right leg * Lifting both the legs together * Releasing both the legs together In case of k=6 legs, there are 39916800 possible events. Hence the complexity of robots is directly proportional to the number of legs. Legged Locomotion Wheeled Locomotion It requires fewer number of motors to accomplish a movement. It is little easy to implement as there are less stability issues in case of more number of wheels. It is power efficient as compared to legged locomotion. * Standard wheel − Rotates around the wheel axle and around the contact * Castor wheel − Rotates around the wheel axle and the offset steering joint. * Swedish 45° and Swedish 90° wheels − Omni-wheel, rotates around the contact point, around the wheel axle, and around the rollers. * Ball or spherical wheel − Omnidirectional wheel, technically difficult to implement. Wheeled Locomotion Slip/Skid Locomotion In this type, the vehicles use tracks as in a tank. The robot is steered by moving the tracks with different speeds in the same or opposite direction. It offers stability because of large contact area of track and ground. Tracked Robot Components of a Robot Robots are constructed with the following − * Power Supply − The robots are powered by batteries, solar power, hydraulic, or pneumatic power sources. * Actuators − They convert energy into movement. * Electric motors (AC/DC) − They are required for rotational movement. * Pneumatic Air Muscles − They contract almost 40% when air is sucked in them. * Muscle Wires − They contract by 5% when electric current is passed through them. * Piezo Motors and Ultrasonic Motors − Best for industrial robots. * Sensors − They provide knowledge of real time information on the task environment. Robots are equipped with vision sensors to be to compute the depth in the environment. A tactile sensor imitates the mechanical properties of touch receptors of human fingertips. Computer Vision This is a technology of AI with which the robots can see. The computer vision plays vital role in the domains of safety, security, health, access, and entertainment. Computer vision automatically extracts, analyzes, and comprehends useful information from a single image or an array of images. This process involves development of algorithms to accomplish automatic visual comprehension. Hardware of Computer Vision System This involves − * Image acquisition device such as camera * a processor * a software * A display device for monitoring the system * Accessories such as camera stands, cables, and connectors Tasks of Computer Vision * OCR − In the domain of computers, Optical Character Reader, a software to convert scanned documents into editable text, which accompanies a scanner. * Face Detection − Many state-of-the-art cameras come with this feature, which enables to read the face and take the picture of that perfect expression. It is used to let a user access the software on correct match. * Object Recognition − They are installed in supermarkets, cameras, high-end cars such as BMW, GM, and Volvo. * Estimating Position − It is estimating position of an object with respect to camera as in position of tumor in human’s body. Application Domains of Computer Vision * Agriculture * Autonomous vehicles * Biometrics * Character recognition * Forensics, security, and surveillance * Industrial quality inspection * Face recognition * Gesture analysis * Geoscience * Medical imagery * Pollution monitoring * Process control * Remote sensing * Robotics * Transport Applications of Robotics The robotics has been instrumental in the various domains such as − * Industries − Robots are used for handling material, cutting, welding, color coating, drilling, polishing, etc. * Military − Autonomous robots can reach inaccessible and hazardous zones during war. A robot named Daksh, developed by Defense Research and Development Organization (DRDO), is in function to destroy life-threatening objects safely. * Medicine − The robots are capable of carrying out hundreds of clinical tests simultaneously, rehabilitating permanently disabled people, and performing complex surgeries such as brain tumors. * Exploration − The robot rock climbers used for space exploration, underwater drones used for ocean exploration are to name a few. * Entertainment − Disney’s engineers have created hundreds of robots for movie making. __________________________________________________________________ Previous Page Print PDF Next Page __________________________________________________________________ Advertisements img img img img img img Tutorials Point * Write for us * FAQ's * Helping * Contact © Copyright 2016. All Rights Reserved. ____________________ (BUTTON) go Skip to content Georgia Tech | College of Computing Georgia Institute of Technology College of Computing Online Master of Science Computer Science (OMS CS) Menu Close * Home * Prospective Students + Why OMS CS? + The Numbers + FAQ * Current Students + Student Portal + Career Resources + Program Announcements * Program Information + Admission Criteria + Application Deadlines, Process and Requirements + Cost and Payment Schedule + Courses o Current Courses o Future Courses + Specializations * OMS Buzz + Social Media + OMS Newsletter + Program Resources * Apply Now * Contact Us * Georgia Tech Home * Map * Directory * Offices * Facebook * Twitter * LinkedIn * YouTube Search This SiteAll of Georgia Tech ____________________ Enter your keywords ________________________________________ Search * You are here: * GT Home * Home CS 8803: Artificial Intelligence for Robotics Course Creator Sebastian Thrun Sebastian Thrun Creator, Instructor, Co-Founder of Udacity Course Developer and Instructor Chris Pryby Chris Pryby Instructor Teaching Assistants Jon Keller Jon Keller Teaching Assistant Jon Keller Aaron Yip Teaching Assistant Overview In Artificial Intelligence for Robotics, learn from Sebastian Thrun, the leader of Google and Stanford's autonomous driving team, how to program all the major systems of a robotic car. This class will teach students basic methods in Artificial Intelligence, including: probabilistic inference, planning and search, localization, tracking and control, all with a focus on robotics. Extensive programming examples and assignments will apply these methods in the context of building self-driving cars. At the end of the course, students will leverage what they have learned by solving the problem of a runaway robot that they must chase and hunt down! Students will also be expected to complete six problem sets, and deliver a final project that applies one of the methods learned in this class on a dataset of their choosing. Prerequisites Students should know Python or have enough experience with other languages to pick up what they need on their own. Check out Udacity's Introductory CS class (in Python) if you'd like some review. Students should also have strong knowledge of probability and linear algebra (see Prof. Thrun's free Udacity course on statistics). For prospective students who are unsure if their computer science experience provides sufficient background for this course, the questions below will help gauge preparedness. If you answer "no" to any of the following questions, it may be beneficial to refresh your knowledge of this material prior to taking CS 8803: * Do you have programming experience, preferably in Python? * Do you have a strong understanding of linear algebra (undergraduate-level)? * Do you have a strong understanding of probability (undergraduate-level)? * Have you taken any courses (either from your undergraduate studies or MOOCs) in machine learning, computer vision or robotics? Course Preview IFRAME: //www.youtube.com/embed/SkI_QrWo_8U?width%3D640%26amp%3Bheight%3D360%26 amp%3Bautoplay%3D0%26amp%3Bvq%3Dlarge%26amp%3Brel%3D0%26amp%3Bcontrols% 3D1%26amp%3Bautohide%3D2%26amp%3Bshowinfo%3D1%26amp%3Bmodestbranding%3D 0%26amp%3Btheme%3Ddark%26amp%3Biv_load_policy%3D1%26amp%3Bwmode%3Dopaqu e Lesson Preview IFRAME: //www.youtube.com/embed/Uqt_pRbR8rI?width%3D640%26amp%3Bheight%3D360%26 amp%3Bautoplay%3D0%26amp%3Bvq%3Dlarge%26amp%3Brel%3D0%26amp%3Bcontrols% 3D1%26amp%3Bautohide%3D2%26amp%3Bshowinfo%3D1%26amp%3Bmodestbranding%3D 0%26amp%3Btheme%3Ddark%26amp%3Biv_load_policy%3D1%26amp%3Bwmode%3Dopaqu e Grading * 6 Problem Sets: Problem Sets are graded on a completion basis; meaning, you will receive full credit if you complete them on time, and zero credit if you do not. There is no partial credit given for Problem Sets. * Project 1: Runaway Robot, Parts 1-4 * Project 2: Final Project * Extra Credit - Extra credit may be awarded for completing Part 5 of the Runaway Robot Project, completing Hardware Challenges, participating in Peer Feedback, and for exceptional helpfulness on the class Piazza forum. * Grades for the projects will be posted to your student account on T-Square. Assignment Submission and Late Policy - * With the exception of the Final Project, all assignments will be submitted through the Udacity site. * You will submit your Final Project through T-Square. * No late work accepted. The specific course schedule will be announced by the instructor and/or TA at the beginning of the term. Required Course Readings Website readings with an optional textbook supplement listed below: * Optional enhancement text - Probabilistic Robotics. Sebastian Thrun, Wolfram Burgard & Dieter Fox. MIT Press. 2005. Minimum Technical Requirements * Browser and connection speed: An up-to-date version of Chrome or Firefox is strongly recommended. We also support Internet Explorer 9 and the desktop versions of Internet Explorer 10 and above (not the metro versions). 2+ Mbps recommended; at minimum 0.768 Mbps download speed * Operating system: -PC: Windows XP or higher with latest updates installed -Mac: OS X 10.6 or higher with latest updates installed -Linux: Any recent distribution that has the supported browsers installed Other Info Background Materials on Statistics - * Prof. Thrun teaches a free introductory course on Udacity called Statistics 101. * If you prefer written material, Think Bayes is available online. It has some great examples and the text is approachable. Office Hours Professor Thrun will hold Office Hours through Google Hangouts on Air about once every two weeks. Students may submit questions either during the session or in advance. 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Tiny b85rmsqb64oiiie6p4mx1lnteqfsm1k0e9rlra6wfvu Artificial Intelligence and Robotics How machine learning works, in simple terms Tiny 0gqmlh6r8watqovstjzju7d56vfv6tperpw4rek3dmc Artificial Intelligence and Robotics How self-driving cars can crash ethically Read more Link arrow Read our reports on the broad range of global issues we’re seeking to address Tiny gtdynuosiufnmbmbdesda tgkxz gcvoxhulwmunvhi Values and the Fourth Industrial Revolution: Connecting the Dots Between Value, Values, Profit and Purpose 14 November 2016 Tiny a25ysd1lyl5jq7piai87khunj9aybcjfbqmwvwepmfc Poly-Governance Models to Address Global Challenges 4 November 2016 Tiny qqze1x r7cykwbzzhfi8mxzgp 1ux6hracyaknxoqos The Global Gender Gap Report 2016 26 October 2016 More reports Link arrow Learn about our activities tackling the most significant global challenges through public-private collaboration Shaping the Future of * Consumption * Digital Economy and Society * Economic Growth and Social Inclusion * Education, Gender and Work * Energy * Environment and Natural Resource Security * Financial and Monetary Systems * Food Security and Agriculture * Health and Healthcare * Information and Entertainment * International Trade and Investment * Long-Term Investing, Infrastructure and Development * Mobility * Production Latest activity Tiny g2k2whjnmmbsjkfvxtkboyitf8zslnabd543cuwfln0 Mitigating Risks in the Innovation Economy 25/11/2016 Tiny sxacchabjlqfts2dbevcfmmrjitklyiouxyu2fiyumw Cybercrime 06/01/2016 Tiny syjodckv0num x9pjw3p7t z6cvgolyashkjfxrpdtc Grow Africa 06/01/2016 More initiatives Link arrow Learn more about our events which work to shape the Global, Regional and Industry agendas Upcoming Event Tiny k3jioii5jl qcxdqd5 1xrohvn2tu3no52vzj7crvow World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2017 17-20 January 2017 Davos-Klosters, Switzerland Past events Tiny xz0hupbjeazdiyx5q723w dmq5lezepm8t0yvizg9nu Annual Meeting of the Global Future Councils 13-14 November 2016 Dubai, United Arab Emirates Tiny vn2yogcirxo2zeqy 3at09bdcrzxszcba w8q0sgibs World Forum on Sport and Culture; 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Alexey Malanov 24 Nov 2016 Tiny d8gjjwltu fcszyx600jt3o77d9mbp5lkwgtfdclt0g Artificial Intelligence and Robotics The US used to be the world leader in this key area of artificial intelligence research. Now it's China China has become the world leader in a field of artificial intelligence inspired by the human brain. Rosamond Hutt 22 Nov 2016 Tiny 0gqmlh6r8watqovstjzju7d56vfv6tperpw4rek3dmc Artificial Intelligence and Robotics How self-driving cars can crash ethically Exploring the ethics of self-driving cars and how they respond to crashing. Andrew Nusca 17 Nov 2016 Tiny wymvpv5w30wgnsa8sh0wfusahk9bc p4ovdc4rt9tag Artificial Intelligence and Robotics In the developing world, two-thirds of jobs could be lost to robots A UN report looks at the possible impact of automation in the developing world. Patrick Caughill and Eleazer Corpuz 14 Nov 2016 Tiny lkkwb5h0rsnm28u6iclsvsjq9tibwasjmwtvlf w8es Artificial Intelligence and Robotics Can we trust robots to make ethical decisions? How do we know that artificially intelligent robots will make ethical choices? Here are real-life examples of AI gone wrong. Alex Gray 11 Nov 2016 Tiny doowaqky7ahnnfb2ap9ghey7zxotvd tfdipjtqc1x8 Artificial Intelligence and Robotics Can't judge a book by it's cover? This AI can Researchers at Kyushu University in Japan are developing an AI that can predict the genre of a book based on its cover. Dom Galeon 11 Nov 2016 Tiny z1gogrsfpxvupfttrzwecer1ecncmyqk7opki97mblq Artificial Intelligence and Robotics If AI invents something, who should be credited? Ryan Abbott explores the implications of artficial intelligence becoming inventors. Dom Galeon 10 Nov 2016 Tiny 2l9z36lobcvzdly5n6axt5z3sc9rh mn8 nkkir6d4c Artificial Intelligence and Robotics This is what artificial intelligence will look like in 2030, according to one of the world’s leading experts Artificial intelligence and robotics are coming into our lives more than ever before and have the potential to transform healthcare, transport, manufacturing, even our domestic chores. Mary Cummings 8 Nov 2016 Tiny 8rmn2civ rpwxvdtneghrnjaaotnlj4grf8jmdiqvqs Artificial Intelligence and Robotics Why humans might stop artificial intelligence producing the next Beethoven, or the next Beatles Mike Loukides explores whether artificial intelligence could ever be considered creative. Mike Loukides 4 Nov 2016 Tiny nppmgslzxu45xaympgngkfxkkq8purblkfj89shv as Artificial Intelligence and Robotics Making computers explain their decisions MIT researchers have developed a method for training neural networks to provide rationales for their decisions. Larry Hardesty 3 Nov 2016 Tiny 2zq2cms5a1ni24nnbq8klavdlwrzx0dp 9ohhgh5qaa Artificial Intelligence and Robotics 10 trends for the future of warfare History can only tell us only so much. There is a need for fresh thinking about the implications of the Fourth Industrial Revolution for international security. Espen Barth Eide, Anja Kaspersen, and Philip Shetler-Jones 3 Nov 2016 Tiny zayaloekkrwait3 kvioynmjncjgsz4wkzqj1xb7qy Artificial Intelligence and Robotics A robot coming to take your job? Probably not. A recent study for the OECD examines the risk posed by automation. While fewer jobs are that risk than commonly thought, inequality could rise. Melanie Arntz, Terry Gregory, and Ulrich Zierahn 2 Nov 2016 Tiny ahujympxcdao t tirrcw ny2ophwv8z9jm9mfcpt c Artificial Intelligence and Robotics Would you let an algorithm choose the next US president? If fed enough data, an AI assistant could give recommendations that are far more accurate and personalized than we’d receive from even our closest friends, writes Vyacheslav Polonski. Vyacheslav Polonski 1 Nov 2016 Tiny i7web9rs 9rbpgpzr5as1loyserr8aejrndwo17emrk Artificial Intelligence and Robotics The computers that can read human thoughts Researchers are developing systems to allow computers to communicate directly with human thought. Frances Van Scoy 28 Oct 2016 Tiny ft7xjha7nj ufkkmshudbd6kshjkhvlpohmpydausci Artificial Intelligence and Robotics This 'AI judge' is predicting the results of human rights cases A team of British scientists have developed an 'AI judge'. 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