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The Blessing of Sexuality: Evolution of Altruism with Mating Preference Download
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   Current simulation practices in artificial societies typically ignore
   the contribution of sexuality as a driving force for the evolution of
   prosocial behaviours. As recent researches in biology and genetics
   argued, sexual attractiveness, via the method of sexual selection, can
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   sexual selection is expressed as the effect of mating preference on
   altruism. The computer simulation indicates that social cohesion can be
   achieved by the existence of sexuality in an artificial society where
   the co-evolution of mating preference, altruistic punishment and
   cooperation exist. We then extend the model in two ways: (1) we employ
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Introduction

   Sexuality has been viewed as the nemesis of morality in nearly every
   traditional culture, yet in previous literatures in biology and
   genetics, sexuality is considered as one of the driving forces for the
   evolution of prosocial behaviours (Miller 2007). Selection in relation
   to sex provides a unique perspective to solve the persistent puzzle of
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   All the adjusted models based on altruistic punishment are contributive
   and salient. However, taken alone they do not elucidate an
   understanding of how sexuality shapes the evolutionary equilibrium of
   altruism in human society. Besides, theoretical biologists and
   economists have broadly studied the benefit-cost analysis of altruism
   (Axelrod & Hamilton 1981; Axelrod 1984) without exploring the human
   motivation for selfless help (Preston 2013), while sexuality possibly
   plays the role of motivation to invest in altruism according to sexual
   selection theory and costly signalling theory (Gintis & Smith 2001;
   McAndrew 2002). The ignorance of sexuality in models involving
   alternations of generations is usually associated with the implicit
   assumption of asexual reproduction, which is a tradition from the Moran
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   The concept of sexual attractiveness in the model opens up the novel
   sources to study the game of public goods, altruism and other prosocial
   behaviours from the perspective of sexuality.

Baseline model
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   fitness comes from Traulsen et al. (2008).

   We adopt a generalised Moran Process adjusted for sexuality and sexual
   reproduction to model the evolution of the society given the
   assumptions above. The probability of death d is identical to each
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   the second-order social dilemma in a society with no sexual
   attractiveness. The difference in results between the simulations in
   Figure 1A, 1B and 1C indicates the effect of sexuality as the driving
   force to overcome the social dilemma of costly punishment. The apparent
   absence of sexual attractiveness and sexual selection in the
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   cooperator shapes the evolutionary equilibrium where the virtue of
   altruism can escape the Darwinian Demon of ecological selection.
   Figure 1. Simulation results of the Punishment-Sexuality Game: (A) No
   punishment and no sexual attractiveness. The parameters for this
   simulation are: N = 400, N[MP] = N[FC] = 0, N[MD] = N[FD] = 200, κ = 1,
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   Figure 2 illustrates the results of the robust test with no MP and FC
   at period 0 with three different treatments as in Figure 1.
   Figure 2. Simulation results of the Punishment-Sexuality Game with 100%
   Defectors initially: (A>) No punishment and no sexual attractiveness.
   The parameters for this simulation are: N = 400, N[MP] = N[MD] = N[FC]
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   turning points from three repeated computer simulations that report
   different evolutionary paths and routines.
   Figure 3. Simulation results of the Punishment-Sexuality Game with 100%
   Defectors: (A) The timing does not appear before 50 periods. (B) The
   timing appears between 50 and 100 periods. (C) The timing appears
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   We now conduct the robust test on the strength of sexual
   attractiveness, s.
   Figure 4. Simulation results of the Punishment-Sexuality Game with
   Different Strengths of Sexual Attractiveness. The parameters in this
   simulation are the same as those in Figure 1C, with the exception of
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   Figure 5 tests the value of mutation rate μ, which is 0.001 in the
   baseline model.
   Figure 5. Simulation results of the Punishment-Sexuality Game with
   Different mutation rate. The parameters in this simulation are the same
   as those in Figure 1C, with the exception of the value of μ. The
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   Figure 6 shows the robust test for periods. The results withhold long
   periods.
   Figure 6. Simulation results of the Punishment-Sexuality Game with
   Different Periods. The parameters in this simulation are the same as
   those in Figure 1C, with the exception of the value of the period.
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   strong stabilizer to generate a social equilibrium where prosocial
   strategy (i.e., being altruistic) is advantageous in an artificial
   human society. The introduction of sexuality to the traditional
   altruistic punishment game is beyond the scope of the previous
   literatures on social evolution via methods of computer simulation. We
   found that the introduction of sexuality and sexual attractiveness
   changed the social equilibrium from the sole dominance of punishers (Ye
   et al. 2011) to the coexistence of both (male) punishers and (female)
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   with no self-consciousness (i.e., MP will never realise that it is in
   his own interest to offer public goods). In this sense, the admiration
   from FC to MP is a life-long hidden blessing of sexuality.
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