Fichier de travail (INPUT) : ./DUMP-TEXT/utf8_2-26.txt
Encodage utilisé (INPUT) : UTF-8
Forme recherchée : socialmovements|industrialactions|socialmovement|industrialaction|mouvementsocial|mouvementssociaux|社會運動|社会运动
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- Ligne n°1 : Online socialmovements are organised efforts to push for a particular goal[1] through the use of new communications and information technologies, such as the Internet.[2] In many cases, these movements seek to counter the mainstream public, claiming there is a wrong that should be righted.[3] Online socialmovements have focused on a broad range on social and political issues in countries all around the world.
- Ligne n°1 : Online socialmovements are organised efforts to push for a particular goal[1] through the use of new communications and information technologies, such as the Internet.[2] In many cases, these movements seek to counter the mainstream public, claiming there is a wrong that should be righted.[3] Online socialmovements have focused on a broad range on social and political issues in countries all around the world.
Ligne n°2 : While the first socialmovements occurred through protests and civil disobedience, the rise of the internet ushered in numerous online socialmovements, beginning in the late 20th century. Since then, online socialmovements gained momentum into the early 21st century and are now one of the most prevalent forms of socialmovement.[4] The organizational structures and strategies behind socialmovements have changed as a result of the online world. Online communities on social media build off socialmovements, enabling the connection of persons worldwide to develop a base and gain awareness of issues. The internet supports the mobilization of a larger group of people within a shorter period of time. ...
Ligne n°1 : ...Online socialmovements are organised efforts to push for a particular goal[1] through the use of new communications and information technologies, such as the Internet.[2] In many cases, these movements seek to counter the mainstream public, claiming there is a wrong that should be righted.[3] Online socialmovements have focused on a broad range on social and political issues in countries all around the world.- Ligne n°2 : While the first socialmovements occurred through protests and civil disobedience, the rise of the internet ushered in numerous online socialmovements, beginning in the late 20th century. Since then, online socialmovements gained momentum into the early 21st century and are now one of the most prevalent forms of socialmovement.[4] The organizational structures and strategies behind socialmovements have changed as a result of the online world. Online communities on social media build off socialmovements, enabling the connection of persons worldwide to develop a base and gain awareness of issues. The internet supports the mobilization of a larger group of people within a shorter period of time.
- Ligne n°2 : While the first socialmovements occurred through protests and civil disobedience, the rise of the internet ushered in numerous online socialmovements, beginning in the late 20th century. Since then, online socialmovements gained momentum into the early 21st century and are now one of the most prevalent forms of socialmovement.[4] The organizational structures and strategies behind socialmovements have changed as a result of the online world. Online communities on social media build off socialmovements, enabling the connection of persons worldwide to develop a base and gain awareness of issues. The internet supports the mobilization of a larger group of people within a shorter period of time.
- Ligne n°2 : While the first socialmovements occurred through protests and civil disobedience, the rise of the internet ushered in numerous online socialmovements, beginning in the late 20th century. Since then, online socialmovements gained momentum into the early 21st century and are now one of the most prevalent forms of socialmovement.[4] The organizational structures and strategies behind socialmovements have changed as a result of the online world. Online communities on social media build off socialmovements, enabling the connection of persons worldwide to develop a base and gain awareness of issues. The internet supports the mobilization of a larger group of people within a shorter period of time.
- Ligne n°2 : While the first socialmovements occurred through protests and civil disobedience, the rise of the internet ushered in numerous online socialmovements, beginning in the late 20th century. Since then, online socialmovements gained momentum into the early 21st century and are now one of the most prevalent forms of socialmovement.[4] The organizational structures and strategies behind socialmovements have changed as a result of the online world. Online communities on social media build off socialmovements, enabling the connection of persons worldwide to develop a base and gain awareness of issues. The internet supports the mobilization of a larger group of people within a shorter period of time.
- Ligne n°2 : While the first socialmovements occurred through protests and civil disobedience, the rise of the internet ushered in numerous online socialmovements, beginning in the late 20th century. Since then, online socialmovements gained momentum into the early 21st century and are now one of the most prevalent forms of socialmovement.[4] The organizational structures and strategies behind socialmovements have changed as a result of the online world. Online communities on social media build off socialmovements, enabling the connection of persons worldwide to develop a base and gain awareness of issues. The internet supports the mobilization of a larger group of people within a shorter period of time.
- Ligne n°2 : While the first socialmovements occurred through protests and civil disobedience, the rise of the internet ushered in numerous online socialmovements, beginning in the late 20th century. Since then, online socialmovements gained momentum into the early 21st century and are now one of the most prevalent forms of socialmovement.[4] The organizational structures and strategies behind socialmovements have changed as a result of the online world. Online communities on social media build off socialmovements, enabling the connection of persons worldwide to develop a base and gain awareness of issues. The internet supports the mobilization of a larger group of people within a shorter period of time.
Ligne n°3 : The ubiquity of online socialmovements has resulted in varying attitudes. Both proponents and critics have raised valid points about the potential and the shortcomings of online socialmovements, which have been increasing evident in the numerous examples around the world. ...
Ligne n°2 : ...While the first socialmovements occurred through protests and civil disobedience, the rise of the internet ushered in numerous online socialmovements, beginning in the late 20th century. Since then, online socialmovements gained momentum into the early 21st century and are now one of the most prevalent forms of socialmovement.[4] The organizational structures and strategies behind socialmovements have changed as a result of the online world. Online communities on social media build off socialmovements, enabling the connection of persons worldwide to develop a base and gain awareness of issues. The internet supports the mobilization of a larger group of people within a shorter period of time.- Ligne n°3 : The ubiquity of online socialmovements has resulted in varying attitudes. Both proponents and critics have raised valid points about the potential and the shortcomings of online socialmovements, which have been increasing evident in the numerous examples around the world.
- Ligne n°3 : The ubiquity of online socialmovements has resulted in varying attitudes. Both proponents and critics have raised valid points about the potential and the shortcomings of online socialmovements, which have been increasing evident in the numerous examples around the world.
Ligne n°7 : ...History[edit]- Ligne n°8 : The earliest socialmovements were minimally related to the internet. For instance, Charles Tilly recognizes the first socialmovements in Britain and the US in the 1750s and 1760s, after the 7 Years War. John Wilkes led the "Wilkes and Liberty" movement to achieve legal and parliamentary reform. Across the Atlantic, the Boston merchants and the activists in the Sons of Liberty initiated the opposition to the British that eventually lead to the Declaration of Independence in 1776.[5]
- Ligne n°8 : The earliest socialmovements were minimally related to the internet. For instance, Charles Tilly recognizes the first socialmovements in Britain and the US in the 1750s and 1760s, after the 7 Years War. John Wilkes led the "Wilkes and Liberty" movement to achieve legal and parliamentary reform. Across the Atlantic, the Boston merchants and the activists in the Sons of Liberty initiated the opposition to the British that eventually lead to the Declaration of Independence in 1776.[5]
Ligne n°9 : The mentality behind these was spurred on by sovereignty within British politics through the Reformation and informed John Wilkes and his followers about alternative societal rule. Thus, in 1768, members of the English lower class began to mobilize underneath Wilkes’ movement against the sovereignty of the ruling class.[6] On May 10, 1768, Wilkes’ supporters and the king’s soldiers at St. George’s field began fighting, resulting in about six to eleven protesters dead.[7] This event sparked speculation about where sovereignty lies. The rise of the Wilkes movement marked the beginning of a new phase in British politics where the notion of popular sovereignty became dominant.[6] Wilkes and his followers consistently challenged the leading authority through actions taken outside of parliament and on the basis of contesting laws. They created something that was so new that it laid the groundwork for political struggles to come: socialmovements.[7] ...
Ligne n°8 : ...The earliest socialmovements were minimally related to the internet. For instance, Charles Tilly recognizes the first socialmovements in Britain and the US in the 1750s and 1760s, after the 7 Years War. John Wilkes led the "Wilkes and Liberty" movement to achieve legal and parliamentary reform. Across the Atlantic, the Boston merchants and the activists in the Sons of Liberty initiated the opposition to the British that eventually lead to the Declaration of Independence in 1776.[5]- Ligne n°9 : The mentality behind these was spurred on by sovereignty within British politics through the Reformation and informed John Wilkes and his followers about alternative societal rule. Thus, in 1768, members of the English lower class began to mobilize underneath Wilkes’ movement against the sovereignty of the ruling class.[6] On May 10, 1768, Wilkes’ supporters and the king’s soldiers at St. George’s field began fighting, resulting in about six to eleven protesters dead.[7] This event sparked speculation about where sovereignty lies. The rise of the Wilkes movement marked the beginning of a new phase in British politics where the notion of popular sovereignty became dominant.[6] Wilkes and his followers consistently challenged the leading authority through actions taken outside of parliament and on the basis of contesting laws. They created something that was so new that it laid the groundwork for political struggles to come: socialmovements.[7]
Ligne n°10 : These situations, while different in nature from socialmovements we experience today, started the idea of mass-gathering to contest an issue. Modern examples of socialmovements include the Movement of the Unemployed in the 1930s, the Free Speech and Civil Rights Movements in the 1960s, the lower-profile 1990s movements and the many digital movements in the 21st century.[5] ...
Ligne n°9 : ...The mentality behind these was spurred on by sovereignty within British politics through the Reformation and informed John Wilkes and his followers about alternative societal rule. Thus, in 1768, members of the English lower class began to mobilize underneath Wilkes’ movement against the sovereignty of the ruling class.[6] On May 10, 1768, Wilkes’ supporters and the king’s soldiers at St. George’s field began fighting, resulting in about six to eleven protesters dead.[7] This event sparked speculation about where sovereignty lies. The rise of the Wilkes movement marked the beginning of a new phase in British politics where the notion of popular sovereignty became dominant.[6] Wilkes and his followers consistently challenged the leading authority through actions taken outside of parliament and on the basis of contesting laws. They created something that was so new that it laid the groundwork for political struggles to come: socialmovements.[7]- Ligne n°10 : These situations, while different in nature from socialmovements we experience today, started the idea of mass-gathering to contest an issue. Modern examples of socialmovements include the Movement of the Unemployed in the 1930s, the Free Speech and Civil Rights Movements in the 1960s, the lower-profile 1990s movements and the many digital movements in the 21st century.[5]
- Ligne n°10 : These situations, while different in nature from socialmovements we experience today, started the idea of mass-gathering to contest an issue. Modern examples of socialmovements include the Movement of the Unemployed in the 1930s, the Free Speech and Civil Rights Movements in the 1960s, the lower-profile 1990s movements and the many digital movements in the 21st century.[5]
- Ligne n°12 : Equifax played a part in the development of online socialmovements in its early stages.
Ligne n°13 : Social movements have evolved to a more widespread and integral state than ever before, in part due to socialmovements presence on social media. The earliest online socialmovements began right after the Internet revolution. While the Arab Springs are commonly associated with the earliest online movements, in reality, socialmovements began through email. In 1990, software company Lotus and credit bureau Equifax gained access to names, addresses and purchasing behavior of 120 million Americans in CD-ROM format. In response, nearly 30,000 consumers organized through emails and message boards in protest, halting the release of the database by 1991.[8] ...
Ligne n°12 : ...Equifax played a part in the development of online socialmovements in its early stages.- Ligne n°13 : Social movements have evolved to a more widespread and integral state than ever before, in part due to socialmovements presence on social media. The earliest online socialmovements began right after the Internet revolution. While the Arab Springs are commonly associated with the earliest online movements, in reality, socialmovements began through email. In 1990, software company Lotus and credit bureau Equifax gained access to names, addresses and purchasing behavior of 120 million Americans in CD-ROM format. In response, nearly 30,000 consumers organized through emails and message boards in protest, halting the release of the database by 1991.[8]
- Ligne n°13 : Social movements have evolved to a more widespread and integral state than ever before, in part due to socialmovements presence on social media. The earliest online socialmovements began right after the Internet revolution. While the Arab Springs are commonly associated with the earliest online movements, in reality, socialmovements began through email. In 1990, software company Lotus and credit bureau Equifax gained access to names, addresses and purchasing behavior of 120 million Americans in CD-ROM format. In response, nearly 30,000 consumers organized through emails and message boards in protest, halting the release of the database by 1991.[8]
- Ligne n°13 : Social movements have evolved to a more widespread and integral state than ever before, in part due to socialmovements presence on social media. The earliest online socialmovements began right after the Internet revolution. While the Arab Springs are commonly associated with the earliest online movements, in reality, socialmovements began through email. In 1990, software company Lotus and credit bureau Equifax gained access to names, addresses and purchasing behavior of 120 million Americans in CD-ROM format. In response, nearly 30,000 consumers organized through emails and message boards in protest, halting the release of the database by 1991.[8]
Ligne n°14 : Since the late 2000s, there has been an increasing use of commercial social media platforms by socialmovements. According to Lopes, "Social Media websites such as Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, and the various online blogs have arguably given a voice to individuals that otherwise would not be heard." [1] ...
Ligne n°13 : ...Social movements have evolved to a more widespread and integral state than ever before, in part due to socialmovements presence on social media. The earliest online socialmovements began right after the Internet revolution. While the Arab Springs are commonly associated with the earliest online movements, in reality, socialmovements began through email. In 1990, software company Lotus and credit bureau Equifax gained access to names, addresses and purchasing behavior of 120 million Americans in CD-ROM format. In response, nearly 30,000 consumers organized through emails and message boards in protest, halting the release of the database by 1991.[8]- Ligne n°14 : Since the late 2000s, there has been an increasing use of commercial social media platforms by socialmovements. According to Lopes, "Social Media websites such as Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, and the various online blogs have arguably given a voice to individuals that otherwise would not be heard." [1]
Ligne n°15 : Many people have conflicting views on social media and its effectiveness when put to the task of activism. The Pew Research Center found that some 64% of Americans feel that the statement ‘social media help give a voice to underrepresented groups’ describes these sites very or somewhat well. But a larger share, 77%, say social networking sites distract people from issues that are truly important, and 71% agree with the assertion that ‘social media makes people believe they're making a difference even when they really are not really making change.'[9] The debate on whether social media has added or retracted to the function of socialmovements as compared to historical precedence remains at the forefront of modern discussions on these issues. ...
Ligne n°14 : ...Since the late 2000s, there has been an increasing use of commercial social media platforms by socialmovements. According to Lopes, "Social Media websites such as Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, and the various online blogs have arguably given a voice to individuals that otherwise would not be heard." [1]- Ligne n°15 : Many people have conflicting views on social media and its effectiveness when put to the task of activism. The Pew Research Center found that some 64% of Americans feel that the statement ‘social media help give a voice to underrepresented groups’ describes these sites very or somewhat well. But a larger share, 77%, say social networking sites distract people from issues that are truly important, and 71% agree with the assertion that ‘social media makes people believe they're making a difference even when they really are not really making change.'[9] The debate on whether social media has added or retracted to the function of socialmovements as compared to historical precedence remains at the forefront of modern discussions on these issues.
Ligne n°16 : In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic forced socialmovements to reinvent their protest strategies. Strict social distancing measures prevented traditional physical demonstrations in several countries, such as Italy, or limited the number of people that could gather, as in France and Germany.[10][11][12][13] Many movements were forced to campaign online. Moreover, with the concept of people-less protests, first described by Yunus Berndt, a form of political activism at the intersection of online and offline spheres emerged.[14] ...
Ligne n°15 : ...Many people have conflicting views on social media and its effectiveness when put to the task of activism. The Pew Research Center found that some 64% of Americans feel that the statement ‘social media help give a voice to underrepresented groups’ describes these sites very or somewhat well. But a larger share, 77%, say social networking sites distract people from issues that are truly important, and 71% agree with the assertion that ‘social media makes people believe they're making a difference even when they really are not really making change.'[9] The debate on whether social media has added or retracted to the function of socialmovements as compared to historical precedence remains at the forefront of modern discussions on these issues.- Ligne n°16 : In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic forced socialmovements to reinvent their protest strategies. Strict social distancing measures prevented traditional physical demonstrations in several countries, such as Italy, or limited the number of people that could gather, as in France and Germany.[10][11][12][13] Many movements were forced to campaign online. Moreover, with the concept of people-less protests, first described by Yunus Berndt, a form of political activism at the intersection of online and offline spheres emerged.[14]
Ligne n°18 : ...Uses of the Internet[edit]- Ligne n°19 : The use of the Internet in attempts to change society can be understood through different mechanisms, which have redefined traditional socialmovements. The Internet can be utilized through emails and social media, as well as online forums and petition platforms, which is unique in the context of traditional socialmovements.
- Ligne n°19 : The use of the Internet in attempts to change society can be understood through different mechanisms, which have redefined traditional socialmovements. The Internet can be utilized through emails and social media, as well as online forums and petition platforms, which is unique in the context of traditional socialmovements.
Ligne n°21 : ...Improved communication and increased public awareness[edit]- Ligne n°22 : The Internet has supported the spread of information about movements through rapid dissemination so that there is greater traction and more individuals are exposed to the cause.[15] The communication costs of the socialmovement also decline, allowing for cheaper and better communication with audiences. In addition, the Internet serves as a forum where people can openly discuss grievances and inequalities. Improved communication becomes important in creating rational understanding of social injustices and inequalities, which are typically critical to driving socialmovements.[16]
- Ligne n°22 : The Internet has supported the spread of information about movements through rapid dissemination so that there is greater traction and more individuals are exposed to the cause.[15] The communication costs of the socialmovement also decline, allowing for cheaper and better communication with audiences. In addition, the Internet serves as a forum where people can openly discuss grievances and inequalities. Improved communication becomes important in creating rational understanding of social injustices and inequalities, which are typically critical to driving socialmovements.[16]
Ligne n°24 : ...Quicker and larger-scale mobilization of people[edit]- Ligne n°25 : With better communication, the Internet facilitates the development of collective understandings that encourages wider participation in movements. Physical constraints, such as geography and resources, can be overcome through online organizing.[3] Social networks have assembled individuals of different backgrounds to create socialmovements that are widespread and global. Collective identity can be emphasized through this gathering of geographically disparate people and the diffusion of a common narrative.[17] For instance, Twitter hashtags, Facebook pages and Tumblr blogs have all played roles in organizing protests all around the world, with nearly 100,000 different hashtags related to the movement.[18] There is also potential for cross-movement influence, where the Occupy Movement that begun in the United States enabled the sharing of ideas with the Occupy Gezi protests in Turkey through digital exchange.[17]
Ligne n°27 : ...Effective coordination[edit]- Ligne n°28 : The presence of the Internet supports the coordination of movements and the recruitment of resources. Grievances and public awareness alone are insufficient in driving socialmovements, but in addition require extensive coordination and resources.[19] The online world also helps improve the different levels of engagement possible, such as sharing opinions and engaging in forums, signing online petitions and participating in decision-making processes. To an extent, movements are able to establish legitimacy through content distributed through the Internet, without relying on mass media or in-person organization.[17]
- Ligne n°35 : Online socialmovements advance their work primarily through media, traditional or digital. It is easier, less costly as well as less time-consuming to link collective behavior as real-time communication can occur vastly and simultaneously via social media.[20] These movements exist in a range of different locales covering a wide breadth of topics, and the extent of their eventual offline action varies from case to case.
Ligne n°61 : ...Benefits[edit]- Ligne n°62 : Online socialmovements have been celebrated for their ability to amass large amounts of success. The online world provides the power to organize without any formal organisations, which speeds up the process of mobilization and allows for greater scale in rapid time frames.[62] This can be understood as New Power, which supports informal leadership and radical transparency, conducive for large amounts of participation by people on social media.[63] Previously, the dominant form of old power limited participation in movements and leadership to a small group.[63] Rapid mobilization helps people overcome pluralistic ignorance, where individuals believe that they are the only person with a particular view. Instead, the online networked sphere helps reveal otherwise preferences to each other in order to discover common ground.[64] The increased visibility of a movement on the internet supports a sense of camaraderie, setting and maintaining a cause, even if it is otherwise decentralized. Social media can overcome pluralistic ignorance,[15] which is the belief that your opinions are not shared by others, when in reality, they tend to be. The online world enables the synchronization of opinions across disparate geographies, creating new norms of behavior and belief through regular repetition and affirmation of messages.[15] In the political sphere, active online groups increase political participation by providing a framework for discussion, leading petitions, and collecting donations in order to further a political agenda.[65] This alignment of values has often results in the potential to organize, such as fund raising in the ALS Ice Bucket Challenge that raised $100 million in just 30 days.[66]
- Ligne n°64 : Online movements are able to sustain attention across boundaries, physical and temporal. For instance, during the Egyptian Revolution in 2011, Facebook’s event function allowed for people to organize protests, which would then be acted out upon in real-life. Similarly, the Occupy movement was able to gather an online following around the world through the Tumblr blog, titled “We are the 99%”. The function of being able to post on a shared website supported the gathering of different narratives, unifying people. In fact, online socialmovements epitomizes the notion of “many yeses, one no”.[3] This motto highlights how the online world brings together diverse voices against something they all feel strongly about by acting as integrating screens since people use these devices to connect with others, rather than to isolate themselves. In many ways, social media has created networks conducive for unification across different identities, supporting intersectional approaches to fighting injustice. People can inform themselves on the most equitable practices and gain insight on how best to accommodate everyone while fighting for a particular issue. For instance, the Zapatistas attempted to emphasize their inclusivity of the movement, which had begun as somewhat of a peasants revolt. The leader of the movement, Marcos, was famously presented in numerous identities, of different exploited and marginalized minorities who are saying “Enough” to their situation:[67]“Yes, Marcos is gay. Marcos is gay in San Francisco, black in South Africa, an Asian in Europe, a Chicano in San Ysidro, an anarchist in Spain, a Palestinian in Israel, a Mayan Indian in the streets of San Cristobal, a Jew in Germany, a Gypsy in Poland, a Mohawk in Quebec, a pacifist in Bosnia, a single woman on the subway at 10pm, a peasant without land, a gang member in the slums, an unemployed worker, an unhappy student and, of course, a Zapatista in the mountains. Marcos is all the exploited, marginalised, oppressed minorities resisting and saying 'Enough.' He is every minority who is now beginning to speak, and every majority that must shut up and listen. He is every untolerated group searching for a way to speak. Everything that makes power and the good consciences of those in power uncomfortable—this is Marcos.” -Subcommandant Marcos, from Social Justice E-Zine #27 [67]Social media is also able to provide a creative milieu that is conducive for narrative building. Memes, in particular, have proven to be a useful tool when it comes to circulating certain ideas. They enter the public consciousness and are able to pique interest through a dual purpose of entertainment and awareness. In addition, the large numbers of people online allow for intentional overproduction.[3] Amanda D. Lotz noted that this is a key strategy, where multiple shows and commercials are created in order to compete, so that the most effective version can succeed, while the others disappear.[3] In online socialmovements, hashtag culture functions by having many people copy each other and come up with new permutations, allowing for the most successful version to spread.[15]
- Ligne n°64 : Online movements are able to sustain attention across boundaries, physical and temporal. For instance, during the Egyptian Revolution in 2011, Facebook’s event function allowed for people to organize protests, which would then be acted out upon in real-life. Similarly, the Occupy movement was able to gather an online following around the world through the Tumblr blog, titled “We are the 99%”. The function of being able to post on a shared website supported the gathering of different narratives, unifying people. In fact, online socialmovements epitomizes the notion of “many yeses, one no”.[3] This motto highlights how the online world brings together diverse voices against something they all feel strongly about by acting as integrating screens since people use these devices to connect with others, rather than to isolate themselves. In many ways, social media has created networks conducive for unification across different identities, supporting intersectional approaches to fighting injustice. People can inform themselves on the most equitable practices and gain insight on how best to accommodate everyone while fighting for a particular issue. For instance, the Zapatistas attempted to emphasize their inclusivity of the movement, which had begun as somewhat of a peasants revolt. The leader of the movement, Marcos, was famously presented in numerous identities, of different exploited and marginalized minorities who are saying “Enough” to their situation:[67]“Yes, Marcos is gay. Marcos is gay in San Francisco, black in South Africa, an Asian in Europe, a Chicano in San Ysidro, an anarchist in Spain, a Palestinian in Israel, a Mayan Indian in the streets of San Cristobal, a Jew in Germany, a Gypsy in Poland, a Mohawk in Quebec, a pacifist in Bosnia, a single woman on the subway at 10pm, a peasant without land, a gang member in the slums, an unemployed worker, an unhappy student and, of course, a Zapatista in the mountains. Marcos is all the exploited, marginalised, oppressed minorities resisting and saying 'Enough.' He is every minority who is now beginning to speak, and every majority that must shut up and listen. He is every untolerated group searching for a way to speak. Everything that makes power and the good consciences of those in power uncomfortable—this is Marcos.” -Subcommandant Marcos, from Social Justice E-Zine #27 [67]Social media is also able to provide a creative milieu that is conducive for narrative building. Memes, in particular, have proven to be a useful tool when it comes to circulating certain ideas. They enter the public consciousness and are able to pique interest through a dual purpose of entertainment and awareness. In addition, the large numbers of people online allow for intentional overproduction.[3] Amanda D. Lotz noted that this is a key strategy, where multiple shows and commercials are created in order to compete, so that the most effective version can succeed, while the others disappear.[3] In online socialmovements, hashtag culture functions by having many people copy each other and come up with new permutations, allowing for the most successful version to spread.[15]
Ligne n°65 : Ethan Zuckerman, the creator of the Cute Cat Theory of Digital Activism ...
Ligne n°68 : ...Detriments[edit]- Ligne n°69 : There are numerous critiques posed against online socialmovements that populate the discourse.
Ligne n°70 : Most frequently, the limited capacity for tangible change is often raised. For socialmovements to be successful, there need to be network internalities, which are durable networks ideal for organised action.[3] These networks are the result of long-term challenges that are collectively overcome, which supports trust building. This process requires the investment of time and energy in order for members of a socialmovement to learn how to cooperate to achieve their goals. ...
Ligne n°69 : ...There are numerous critiques posed against online socialmovements that populate the discourse.- Ligne n°70 : Most frequently, the limited capacity for tangible change is often raised. For socialmovements to be successful, there need to be network internalities, which are durable networks ideal for organised action.[3] These networks are the result of long-term challenges that are collectively overcome, which supports trust building. This process requires the investment of time and energy in order for members of a socialmovement to learn how to cooperate to achieve their goals.
- Ligne n°70 : Most frequently, the limited capacity for tangible change is often raised. For socialmovements to be successful, there need to be network internalities, which are durable networks ideal for organised action.[3] These networks are the result of long-term challenges that are collectively overcome, which supports trust building. This process requires the investment of time and energy in order for members of a socialmovement to learn how to cooperate to achieve their goals.
Ligne n°72 : ...Zeynep Tufekci is known for her theories about social media, technology, politics and culture, in particular her "Mount Everest" metaphor- Ligne n°73 : Zeynep Tufekci introduces the Mount Everest metaphor in her comparison of the Civil Rights Movement’s achievements with the Arab Spring’s relative limited scope of change, especially in Egypt.[3] Zeynep draws a comparison between social media and Sherpas. Previously, climbing Mount Everest was a challenging task. However, with Sherpas, more people were capable of doing so, and this led to a spike in mountaineering tourism. These individuals remained unprepared for the reality of scaling the mountain, resulting in a spike in deaths. Similarly, social media has enabled more socialmovements to spread and enter the public sphere. However, there has not been long-term training and building of network internalities which is necessary to sustain these movements.[3] The Civil Rights Movement had undergone strenuous planning and organisation, which has resulted in leaders who were able to represent the cause, such as Martin Luther King. In contrast, online socialmovements tend to be more short-lived. For instance, Kony 2012 brought attention to child soldiers being forced into Joseph Kony’s Lord’s Resistance Army.[71] However, the small organization that directed the video, Invisible Children, was incapable of managing the sheer volume of attention received. The director Jason Russell thereafter had a major breakdown and the socialmovement dissipated, which can be owed to lack of strong organization and network internalities.[72] Related to this is the theory of tactical adaptation by Doug McAdam, which can apply to movements with a lack of strong organizational power and cause opposing forces to easily adapt to tactics employed by socialmovements.[73] If mobilizing action on social media is a sole or primary tactic of a socialmovement and no consistent tactical innovation poses a direct threat to government or institutions, the movement may have trouble gaining traction long-term.
- Ligne n°73 : Zeynep Tufekci introduces the Mount Everest metaphor in her comparison of the Civil Rights Movement’s achievements with the Arab Spring’s relative limited scope of change, especially in Egypt.[3] Zeynep draws a comparison between social media and Sherpas. Previously, climbing Mount Everest was a challenging task. However, with Sherpas, more people were capable of doing so, and this led to a spike in mountaineering tourism. These individuals remained unprepared for the reality of scaling the mountain, resulting in a spike in deaths. Similarly, social media has enabled more socialmovements to spread and enter the public sphere. However, there has not been long-term training and building of network internalities which is necessary to sustain these movements.[3] The Civil Rights Movement had undergone strenuous planning and organisation, which has resulted in leaders who were able to represent the cause, such as Martin Luther King. In contrast, online socialmovements tend to be more short-lived. For instance, Kony 2012 brought attention to child soldiers being forced into Joseph Kony’s Lord’s Resistance Army.[71] However, the small organization that directed the video, Invisible Children, was incapable of managing the sheer volume of attention received. The director Jason Russell thereafter had a major breakdown and the socialmovement dissipated, which can be owed to lack of strong organization and network internalities.[72] Related to this is the theory of tactical adaptation by Doug McAdam, which can apply to movements with a lack of strong organizational power and cause opposing forces to easily adapt to tactics employed by socialmovements.[73] If mobilizing action on social media is a sole or primary tactic of a socialmovement and no consistent tactical innovation poses a direct threat to government or institutions, the movement may have trouble gaining traction long-term.
- Ligne n°73 : Zeynep Tufekci introduces the Mount Everest metaphor in her comparison of the Civil Rights Movement’s achievements with the Arab Spring’s relative limited scope of change, especially in Egypt.[3] Zeynep draws a comparison between social media and Sherpas. Previously, climbing Mount Everest was a challenging task. However, with Sherpas, more people were capable of doing so, and this led to a spike in mountaineering tourism. These individuals remained unprepared for the reality of scaling the mountain, resulting in a spike in deaths. Similarly, social media has enabled more socialmovements to spread and enter the public sphere. However, there has not been long-term training and building of network internalities which is necessary to sustain these movements.[3] The Civil Rights Movement had undergone strenuous planning and organisation, which has resulted in leaders who were able to represent the cause, such as Martin Luther King. In contrast, online socialmovements tend to be more short-lived. For instance, Kony 2012 brought attention to child soldiers being forced into Joseph Kony’s Lord’s Resistance Army.[71] However, the small organization that directed the video, Invisible Children, was incapable of managing the sheer volume of attention received. The director Jason Russell thereafter had a major breakdown and the socialmovement dissipated, which can be owed to lack of strong organization and network internalities.[72] Related to this is the theory of tactical adaptation by Doug McAdam, which can apply to movements with a lack of strong organizational power and cause opposing forces to easily adapt to tactics employed by socialmovements.[73] If mobilizing action on social media is a sole or primary tactic of a socialmovement and no consistent tactical innovation poses a direct threat to government or institutions, the movement may have trouble gaining traction long-term.
- Ligne n°73 : Zeynep Tufekci introduces the Mount Everest metaphor in her comparison of the Civil Rights Movement’s achievements with the Arab Spring’s relative limited scope of change, especially in Egypt.[3] Zeynep draws a comparison between social media and Sherpas. Previously, climbing Mount Everest was a challenging task. However, with Sherpas, more people were capable of doing so, and this led to a spike in mountaineering tourism. These individuals remained unprepared for the reality of scaling the mountain, resulting in a spike in deaths. Similarly, social media has enabled more socialmovements to spread and enter the public sphere. However, there has not been long-term training and building of network internalities which is necessary to sustain these movements.[3] The Civil Rights Movement had undergone strenuous planning and organisation, which has resulted in leaders who were able to represent the cause, such as Martin Luther King. In contrast, online socialmovements tend to be more short-lived. For instance, Kony 2012 brought attention to child soldiers being forced into Joseph Kony’s Lord’s Resistance Army.[71] However, the small organization that directed the video, Invisible Children, was incapable of managing the sheer volume of attention received. The director Jason Russell thereafter had a major breakdown and the socialmovement dissipated, which can be owed to lack of strong organization and network internalities.[72] Related to this is the theory of tactical adaptation by Doug McAdam, which can apply to movements with a lack of strong organizational power and cause opposing forces to easily adapt to tactics employed by socialmovements.[73] If mobilizing action on social media is a sole or primary tactic of a socialmovement and no consistent tactical innovation poses a direct threat to government or institutions, the movement may have trouble gaining traction long-term.
- Ligne n°73 : Zeynep Tufekci introduces the Mount Everest metaphor in her comparison of the Civil Rights Movement’s achievements with the Arab Spring’s relative limited scope of change, especially in Egypt.[3] Zeynep draws a comparison between social media and Sherpas. Previously, climbing Mount Everest was a challenging task. However, with Sherpas, more people were capable of doing so, and this led to a spike in mountaineering tourism. These individuals remained unprepared for the reality of scaling the mountain, resulting in a spike in deaths. Similarly, social media has enabled more socialmovements to spread and enter the public sphere. However, there has not been long-term training and building of network internalities which is necessary to sustain these movements.[3] The Civil Rights Movement had undergone strenuous planning and organisation, which has resulted in leaders who were able to represent the cause, such as Martin Luther King. In contrast, online socialmovements tend to be more short-lived. For instance, Kony 2012 brought attention to child soldiers being forced into Joseph Kony’s Lord’s Resistance Army.[71] However, the small organization that directed the video, Invisible Children, was incapable of managing the sheer volume of attention received. The director Jason Russell thereafter had a major breakdown and the socialmovement dissipated, which can be owed to lack of strong organization and network internalities.[72] Related to this is the theory of tactical adaptation by Doug McAdam, which can apply to movements with a lack of strong organizational power and cause opposing forces to easily adapt to tactics employed by socialmovements.[73] If mobilizing action on social media is a sole or primary tactic of a socialmovement and no consistent tactical innovation poses a direct threat to government or institutions, the movement may have trouble gaining traction long-term.
Ligne n°74 : There is also the concern of a lack of clear leadership in online socialmovements. This means that there might be a challenge in finding representatives to negotiate within the movement and with adversaries. These individuals might have little in common beyond the initial movement. For instance, Tahrir Square protesters could not deviate tactically from their initial demand, which was to overthrow the Hosni Mubarak regime. Hence, there was a tactical freeze, where tactics could not be adjusted and new demands were not articulated by the socialmovement. Even the creator of “We are All Khaled Said”, the main Facebook page of the Egyptian Revolution, Wael Ghonim was in no position to concede anything. Ghonim was neither an elected leader, nor an informal one, which denied him legitimacy to engage in negotiations.[3] Similarly, in the Occupy movement, there was an attempt to empower all protestors to be leaders of the movement. However, as a “leaderful” movement, there was a lack of ability to identify a clear representative to negotiate since there were too many perspectives.[74] ...
Ligne n°73 : ...Zeynep Tufekci introduces the Mount Everest metaphor in her comparison of the Civil Rights Movement’s achievements with the Arab Spring’s relative limited scope of change, especially in Egypt.[3] Zeynep draws a comparison between social media and Sherpas. Previously, climbing Mount Everest was a challenging task. However, with Sherpas, more people were capable of doing so, and this led to a spike in mountaineering tourism. These individuals remained unprepared for the reality of scaling the mountain, resulting in a spike in deaths. Similarly, social media has enabled more socialmovements to spread and enter the public sphere. However, there has not been long-term training and building of network internalities which is necessary to sustain these movements.[3] The Civil Rights Movement had undergone strenuous planning and organisation, which has resulted in leaders who were able to represent the cause, such as Martin Luther King. In contrast, online socialmovements tend to be more short-lived. For instance, Kony 2012 brought attention to child soldiers being forced into Joseph Kony’s Lord’s Resistance Army.[71] However, the small organization that directed the video, Invisible Children, was incapable of managing the sheer volume of attention received. The director Jason Russell thereafter had a major breakdown and the socialmovement dissipated, which can be owed to lack of strong organization and network internalities.[72] Related to this is the theory of tactical adaptation by Doug McAdam, which can apply to movements with a lack of strong organizational power and cause opposing forces to easily adapt to tactics employed by socialmovements.[73] If mobilizing action on social media is a sole or primary tactic of a socialmovement and no consistent tactical innovation poses a direct threat to government or institutions, the movement may have trouble gaining traction long-term.- Ligne n°74 : There is also the concern of a lack of clear leadership in online socialmovements. This means that there might be a challenge in finding representatives to negotiate within the movement and with adversaries. These individuals might have little in common beyond the initial movement. For instance, Tahrir Square protesters could not deviate tactically from their initial demand, which was to overthrow the Hosni Mubarak regime. Hence, there was a tactical freeze, where tactics could not be adjusted and new demands were not articulated by the socialmovement. Even the creator of “We are All Khaled Said”, the main Facebook page of the Egyptian Revolution, Wael Ghonim was in no position to concede anything. Ghonim was neither an elected leader, nor an informal one, which denied him legitimacy to engage in negotiations.[3] Similarly, in the Occupy movement, there was an attempt to empower all protestors to be leaders of the movement. However, as a “leaderful” movement, there was a lack of ability to identify a clear representative to negotiate since there were too many perspectives.[74]
- Ligne n°74 : There is also the concern of a lack of clear leadership in online socialmovements. This means that there might be a challenge in finding representatives to negotiate within the movement and with adversaries. These individuals might have little in common beyond the initial movement. For instance, Tahrir Square protesters could not deviate tactically from their initial demand, which was to overthrow the Hosni Mubarak regime. Hence, there was a tactical freeze, where tactics could not be adjusted and new demands were not articulated by the socialmovement. Even the creator of “We are All Khaled Said”, the main Facebook page of the Egyptian Revolution, Wael Ghonim was in no position to concede anything. Ghonim was neither an elected leader, nor an informal one, which denied him legitimacy to engage in negotiations.[3] Similarly, in the Occupy movement, there was an attempt to empower all protestors to be leaders of the movement. However, as a “leaderful” movement, there was a lack of ability to identify a clear representative to negotiate since there were too many perspectives.[74]
Ligne n°75 : Online socialmovements, while effective in unifying people, might also amplify the tendency to tribalism. In particular, more people having access to social media might democratize the risk of promoting violence, especially where institutions are not stable and there can be large amounts of distrust and disinformation. For instance, while social media had helped Sri Lanka ease the path to its first democratic elections in 2015 after years of civil war, communal hatreds began to overrun the news feeds, which are the primary portal of news and information for many users.[75] ...
Ligne n°74 : ...There is also the concern of a lack of clear leadership in online socialmovements. This means that there might be a challenge in finding representatives to negotiate within the movement and with adversaries. These individuals might have little in common beyond the initial movement. For instance, Tahrir Square protesters could not deviate tactically from their initial demand, which was to overthrow the Hosni Mubarak regime. Hence, there was a tactical freeze, where tactics could not be adjusted and new demands were not articulated by the socialmovement. Even the creator of “We are All Khaled Said”, the main Facebook page of the Egyptian Revolution, Wael Ghonim was in no position to concede anything. Ghonim was neither an elected leader, nor an informal one, which denied him legitimacy to engage in negotiations.[3] Similarly, in the Occupy movement, there was an attempt to empower all protestors to be leaders of the movement. However, as a “leaderful” movement, there was a lack of ability to identify a clear representative to negotiate since there were too many perspectives.[74]- Ligne n°75 : Online socialmovements, while effective in unifying people, might also amplify the tendency to tribalism. In particular, more people having access to social media might democratize the risk of promoting violence, especially where institutions are not stable and there can be large amounts of distrust and disinformation. For instance, while social media had helped Sri Lanka ease the path to its first democratic elections in 2015 after years of civil war, communal hatreds began to overrun the news feeds, which are the primary portal of news and information for many users.[75]
Ligne n°76 : Some critiques, specific to online social media activism, have been raised about the power mechanisms and organisational structure. This transition highlighted asymmetrical relationships between the for-profit aims of social media and the copy-left values that drive many online movements. According to Fenton, "Claims for the extension and re-invention of activism need to be considered in the context of the material social and political world of inequality, injustice and corporate dominance."[3] For example, "in his analysis of the Purple Movement (Popolo Viola) in Italy and its extensive use of Facebook, Coretti (2014)[76] demonstrates that, while the myth of the network as open and inclusive persists, it acts as a disguise for the communication protocols of commercial social networking platforms that may well enable large-scale mobilization but ultimately, through their very functionality, encourage organizational centralization and fragmentation in socialmovements".[77] The proprietary nature of the design of platforms, such as Facebook pages, possibly fails to provide movements with the necessary instruments in a shared democratic management of their resources. Moreover, the inability to manage Facebook pages and groups according to commonly agreed values promotes vertical power structures within movements, contributing to a controversial management of Facebook pages and to internal divisions that significantly hinder the potential of protest.[76] ...
Ligne n°75 : ...Online socialmovements, while effective in unifying people, might also amplify the tendency to tribalism. In particular, more people having access to social media might democratize the risk of promoting violence, especially where institutions are not stable and there can be large amounts of distrust and disinformation. For instance, while social media had helped Sri Lanka ease the path to its first democratic elections in 2015 after years of civil war, communal hatreds began to overrun the news feeds, which are the primary portal of news and information for many users.[75]- Ligne n°76 : Some critiques, specific to online social media activism, have been raised about the power mechanisms and organisational structure. This transition highlighted asymmetrical relationships between the for-profit aims of social media and the copy-left values that drive many online movements. According to Fenton, "Claims for the extension and re-invention of activism need to be considered in the context of the material social and political world of inequality, injustice and corporate dominance."[3] For example, "in his analysis of the Purple Movement (Popolo Viola) in Italy and its extensive use of Facebook, Coretti (2014)[76] demonstrates that, while the myth of the network as open and inclusive persists, it acts as a disguise for the communication protocols of commercial social networking platforms that may well enable large-scale mobilization but ultimately, through their very functionality, encourage organizational centralization and fragmentation in socialmovements".[77] The proprietary nature of the design of platforms, such as Facebook pages, possibly fails to provide movements with the necessary instruments in a shared democratic management of their resources. Moreover, the inability to manage Facebook pages and groups according to commonly agreed values promotes vertical power structures within movements, contributing to a controversial management of Facebook pages and to internal divisions that significantly hinder the potential of protest.[76]
Ligne n°78 : ...Future[edit]- Ligne n°79 : Social movements have existed before the Internet, but the nature of socialmovements has been modified through the Internet. The online world's beneficial impacts are clear, but these impacts are accompanied with detriments.[78] Online movements are able to scale up dramatically and more quickly, but these horizontalist movements come at the expense of weathering risks and responses from the government.[78]
Ligne n°80 : In comparing past socialmovements to socialmovements today, it is clear that many of them have heavily utilized online social media platforms to advance their agendas. With the help of many open source media platforms, such as Creative Commons and P2P Foundation, the public can easily gain access to the essence of these socialmovements. The prevalence of these platforms also allows for an easier way to market, while simultaneously reaching a wider range of audience. While many more social media tools are available today and as a result granted faster and easier preparation of a movement, it is up to debate whether this change has been good for the success of current movements.[64] It is essential to continue to monitor this shift in culture in socialmovements and understand the advantages and drawbacks of having access to social media as a means to advance a movement. With the continued rapid evolution of the internet, the future of online movements is hard to predict. ...
Ligne n°79 : ...Social movements have existed before the Internet, but the nature of socialmovements has been modified through the Internet. The online world's beneficial impacts are clear, but these impacts are accompanied with detriments.[78] Online movements are able to scale up dramatically and more quickly, but these horizontalist movements come at the expense of weathering risks and responses from the government.[78]- Ligne n°80 : In comparing past socialmovements to socialmovements today, it is clear that many of them have heavily utilized online social media platforms to advance their agendas. With the help of many open source media platforms, such as Creative Commons and P2P Foundation, the public can easily gain access to the essence of these socialmovements. The prevalence of these platforms also allows for an easier way to market, while simultaneously reaching a wider range of audience. While many more social media tools are available today and as a result granted faster and easier preparation of a movement, it is up to debate whether this change has been good for the success of current movements.[64] It is essential to continue to monitor this shift in culture in socialmovements and understand the advantages and drawbacks of having access to social media as a means to advance a movement. With the continued rapid evolution of the internet, the future of online movements is hard to predict.
- Ligne n°80 : In comparing past socialmovements to socialmovements today, it is clear that many of them have heavily utilized online social media platforms to advance their agendas. With the help of many open source media platforms, such as Creative Commons and P2P Foundation, the public can easily gain access to the essence of these socialmovements. The prevalence of these platforms also allows for an easier way to market, while simultaneously reaching a wider range of audience. While many more social media tools are available today and as a result granted faster and easier preparation of a movement, it is up to debate whether this change has been good for the success of current movements.[64] It is essential to continue to monitor this shift in culture in socialmovements and understand the advantages and drawbacks of having access to social media as a means to advance a movement. With the continued rapid evolution of the internet, the future of online movements is hard to predict.
- Ligne n°80 : In comparing past socialmovements to socialmovements today, it is clear that many of them have heavily utilized online social media platforms to advance their agendas. With the help of many open source media platforms, such as Creative Commons and P2P Foundation, the public can easily gain access to the essence of these socialmovements. The prevalence of these platforms also allows for an easier way to market, while simultaneously reaching a wider range of audience. While many more social media tools are available today and as a result granted faster and easier preparation of a movement, it is up to debate whether this change has been good for the success of current movements.[64] It is essential to continue to monitor this shift in culture in socialmovements and understand the advantages and drawbacks of having access to social media as a means to advance a movement. With the continued rapid evolution of the internet, the future of online movements is hard to predict.
- Ligne n°80 : In comparing past socialmovements to socialmovements today, it is clear that many of them have heavily utilized online social media platforms to advance their agendas. With the help of many open source media platforms, such as Creative Commons and P2P Foundation, the public can easily gain access to the essence of these socialmovements. The prevalence of these platforms also allows for an easier way to market, while simultaneously reaching a wider range of audience. While many more social media tools are available today and as a result granted faster and easier preparation of a movement, it is up to debate whether this change has been good for the success of current movements.[64] It is essential to continue to monitor this shift in culture in socialmovements and understand the advantages and drawbacks of having access to social media as a means to advance a movement. With the continued rapid evolution of the internet, the future of online movements is hard to predict.
Ligne n°81 : Vanessa DiMauro, a community builder and researcher in decision-making, believes that the biggest trend concerning online communities is the formation of private online communities. While these large networks that we encounter and use on a daily basis have provided us with a productive and collaborative experience, they have also increased to unmanageable sizes. To become a learning environment, these groups need to be much smaller and manageable, which reflects DiMauro's belief. This is where the idea and trend of private online communities could potentially be the future of online communities.[77] ...
Ligne n°81 : ...Vanessa DiMauro, a community builder and researcher in decision-making, believes that the biggest trend concerning online communities is the formation of private online communities. While these large networks that we encounter and use on a daily basis have provided us with a productive and collaborative experience, they have also increased to unmanageable sizes. To become a learning environment, these groups need to be much smaller and manageable, which reflects DiMauro's belief. This is where the idea and trend of private online communities could potentially be the future of online communities.[77]- Ligne n°82 : The traditional role of actors, such as social media organizations and governments, have also changed with online socialmovements. In these online communities, socialmovement organizations have been less necessary for online participation.[79] While these organizations have continued to play a role in offline engagements, social media organizations have begun to find new avenues for their contribution to social change.[79] Similarly, governments have found new ways to respond to online socialmovements. They have done this by developing new methods to adapt to social media threats, as well as by developing new methods of repression.[78] As governments have evolved, dissidents have continued to adapt with the new technological affordances. In an online space, uncertain times continue to remain for social activists and governments.
- Ligne n°82 : The traditional role of actors, such as social media organizations and governments, have also changed with online socialmovements. In these online communities, socialmovement organizations have been less necessary for online participation.[79] While these organizations have continued to play a role in offline engagements, social media organizations have begun to find new avenues for their contribution to social change.[79] Similarly, governments have found new ways to respond to online socialmovements. They have done this by developing new methods to adapt to social media threats, as well as by developing new methods of repression.[78] As governments have evolved, dissidents have continued to adapt with the new technological affordances. In an online space, uncertain times continue to remain for social activists and governments.
- Ligne n°82 : The traditional role of actors, such as social media organizations and governments, have also changed with online socialmovements. In these online communities, socialmovement organizations have been less necessary for online participation.[79] While these organizations have continued to play a role in offline engagements, social media organizations have begun to find new avenues for their contribution to social change.[79] Similarly, governments have found new ways to respond to online socialmovements. They have done this by developing new methods to adapt to social media threats, as well as by developing new methods of repression.[78] As governments have evolved, dissidents have continued to adapt with the new technological affordances. In an online space, uncertain times continue to remain for social activists and governments.
- Ligne n°104 : ^ a b Rudbeck, Jens (2012-10-05). "Popular sovereignty and the historical origin of the socialmovement". Theory and Society. 41 (6): 581–601. doi:10.1007/s11186-012-9180-x. ISSN 0304-2421. S2CID 143513084.
- Ligne n°124 : ^ a b c d Hara, Noriko; Huang, Bi-Yun (2011). "Online socialmovements". Annual Review of Information Science and Technology. 45 (1): 489–522. doi:10.1002/aris.2011.1440450117. ISSN 0066-4200.
- Ligne n°128 : ^ Zald, Mayer N. McCarthy, John D. (John David), 1940- (1988). The Dynamics of socialmovements : resource mobilization, social control, and tactics. University Press of America. ISBN 0-8191-6750-9. OCLC 16984632.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)