iframe: https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=gtm-nwqjw68 accessibility helpskip to navigationskip to contentskip to footer * sign in * subscribe open side navigation menuopen search bar myft search the ft ____________________ (button) search (button) close search bar * home * world sections + world home + global economy + uk + us + china + africa + asia pacific + emerging markets + europe + americas + middle east and north africa most read + us accuses russia of planning ‘false-flag operation’ in eastern ukraine + downing street apologises to queen for lockdown parties + australia cancels novak djokovic’s visa for a second time + bain & co, tax and jacob zuma: a tale of ‘state capture’ in south africa + boris johnson plans big shake-up of downing street team * us sections + us home + us economy + us companies + us politics & policy most read + jpmorgan warns of missed target as costs jump and deals slow + russia writes off security talks as diplomatic ‘dead end’ + short sellers tuck into beyond meat + us supreme court halts joe biden’s covid vaccine mandate for employers + security talks with us and nato ‘unsuccessful’, says kremlin * companies sections + companies home + energy + financials + health + industrials + media + professional services + retail & consumer + tech sector + telecoms + transport most read + bridgewater’s return to co-ceo model rekindles management concerns + jpmorgan warns of missed target as costs jump and deals slow + short sellers tuck into beyond meat + hsbc investment bank co-head to take 6-month sabbatical + junior kpmg auditor in carillion case unaware he was doing anything wrong, tribunal hears * tech * markets sections + markets home + alphaville + markets data + capital markets + commodities + currencies + equities + fund management + trading + moral money + etf hub + cryptocurrencies most read + live news: inflation worries drive us consumer sentiment back towards 10-year low + higher rates don’t hurt growth stocks + russian markets hit by rising worries over potential invasion of ukraine + private markets are a hot topic for 2022 + financial stocks slide in volatile end to week in us markets * climate * opinion sections + opinion home + columnists + the ft view + the big read + lex + obituaries + letters most read + the game is up for boris johnson + the true toll of the antivax movement + ‘partygate’ should prove fatal for a malevolent, cavalier boris johnson + omicron optimist, pessimist or fatalist: which are you? + hong kong quarantine rules are no longer just an inconvenience * work & careers sections + work & careers home + business school rankings + business education + entrepreneurship + recruitment + business books + business travel most read + ft business books — january edition + how a super reader gets through 52 books a year + cirque du soleil’s daniel lamarre: from $1bn to zero revenues in 48 hours + new job? here’s how to manage the change + why nobody thinks to thank their boss * life & arts sections + life & arts home + arts + books + food & drink + ft magazine + house & home + style + travel + ft globetrotter most read + why is it still considered ok to be ageist? + the true toll of the antivax movement + omicron optimist, pessimist or fatalist: which are you? + rocco commisso bought a football club. then the trouble started + in ‘touriste’, heroic russians save the central african republic. the truth is even stranger * how to spend it * sign in * subscribe menusearch * home * world * us * companies * tech * markets * climate * opinion * work & careers * life & arts * how to spend it financial times * sign in * subscribe search the ft ____________________ (button) search (button) close search bar become an ft subscriber to read: china tests new space capability with hypersonic missile make informed decisions with the ft keep abreast of significant corporate, financial and political developments around the world. stay informed and spot emerging risks and opportunities with independent global reporting, expert commentary and analysis you can trust. barrier image choose your subscription trial try full digital access and see why over 1 million readers subscribe to the ft 1 € for 4 weeks then 65 € per month new customers only cancel anytime during your trial select purchase a trial subscription for 1 € for 4 weeks you will be billed 65 € per month after the trial ends * for 4 weeks receive unlimited premium digital access to the ft's trusted, award-winning business news (button) read more digital be informed with the essential news and opinion 39 € per month or 345 € for 1 year best value - save 20% select purchase a digital subscription for 6,64 € per week you will be billed 39 € per month after the trial ends * myft – track the topics most important to you * ft weekend – full access to the weekend content * mobile & tablet apps – download to read on the go * gift article – share up to 10 articles a month with family, friends and colleagues (button) read more print ft print edition delivered monday - saturday along with epaper access 101,08 € for 3 months introductory offer then 135,46 € every 3 months select purchase a print subscription for 10,42 € per week you will be billed 101,08 € per month after the trial ends * delivery to your home or office monday to saturday * ft weekend paper – a stimulating blend of news and lifestyle features * epaper access – the digital replica of the printed newspaper (button) read more team or enterprise premium ft.com access for multiple users, with integrations & admin tools pay based on use does my organisation subscribe? get started purchase a team or enterprise subscription for per week you will be billed per month after the trial ends group subscription premium digital access, plus: * convenient access for groups of users * integration with third party platforms and crm systems * usage based pricing and volume discounts for multiple users * subscription management tools and usage reporting * saml-based single sign-on (sso) * dedicated account and customer success teams (button) read more (button) learn more and compare subscriptions content expands above full terms and conditions apply to all subscriptions. or, if you are already a subscriber sign in other options premium digital premium digital + print premium digital + weekend print weekend print are you a student or a professor? check if your university has an ft membership to read for free. check my access useful links support view site tipshelp centrecontact usabout usaccessibilitymyft tourcareers legal & privacy terms & conditionsprivacy policycookiescopyrightslavery statement & policies services share news tips securelyindividual subscriptionsgroup subscriptionsrepublishingcontracts & tendersexecutive job searchadvertise with the ftfollow the ft on twitterft transactsecondary schools tools portfoliotoday's newspaper (epaper)alerts hubbusiness school rankingsenterprise toolsnews feednewsletterscurrency converter community & events ft communityft liveft forumsboard director programme more from the ft group markets data delayed by at least 15 minutes. © the financial times ltd 2022. ft and ‘financial times’ are trademarks of the financial times ltd. the financial times and its journalism are subject to a self-regulation regime under the ft editorial code of practice. [px.gif?data=%7b%22category%22%3a%22page%22%2c%22action%22%3a%22view%22 %2c%22system%22%3a%7b%22source%22%3a%22non-ctm%22%7d%2c%22context%22%3a %7b%22name%22%3a%22product%22%2c%22product%22%3a%22next%22%2c%22data%22 %3a%7b%22source%22%3a%22%5bsource%5d%22%7d%7d%7d] (button) close drawer menufinancial times international edition search the ft ____________________ (button) search * switch to uk edition * top sections * home * world (button) show more world + global economy + uk + us + china + africa + asia pacific + emerging markets + europe + americas + middle east and north africa * us (button) show more us + us economy + us companies + us politics & policy * companies (button) show more companies + energy + financials + health + industrials + media + professional services + retail & consumer + tech sector + telecoms + transport * tech * markets (button) show more markets + alphaville + markets data + capital markets + commodities + currencies + equities + fund management + trading + moral money + etf hub + cryptocurrencies * climate * opinion (button) show more opinion + columnists + the ft view + the big read + lex + obituaries + letters * work & careers (button) show more work & careers + business school rankings + business education + entrepreneurship + recruitment + business books + business travel * life & arts (button) show more life & arts + arts + books + food & drink + ft magazine + house & home + style + travel + ft globetrotter * personal finance (button) show more personal finance + property & mortgages + investments + pensions + tax + banking & savings + advice & comment + next act * how to spend it * special reports * ft recommends * lex * alphaville * lunch with the ft * ft globetrotter * #techasia * moral money * ftfm * newsletters * video * podcasts * news feed * ft community (button) show more ft community + ft live + ft forums + board director programme * myft * portfolio * today's newspaper (epaper) * crossword * our apps * help centre * subscribe * sign in references visible links: 1. https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=gtm-nwqjw68 2. https://www.ft.com/accessibility 3. file:///mnt/c/users/dengmathematiques/desktop/nucleaire/projet/pages-aspirees/3-17.html#site-navigation 4. file:///mnt/c/users/dengmathematiques/desktop/nucleaire/projet/pages-aspirees/3-17.html#site-content 5. file:///mnt/c/users/dengmathematiques/desktop/nucleaire/projet/pages-aspirees/3-17.html#site-footer 6. file:///login?location=/content/ba0a3cde-719b-4040-93cb-a486e1f843fb 7. file:///products?segmentid=f860e6c2-18af-ab30-cd5e-6e3a456f9265 8. file:///mnt/c/users/dengmathematiques/desktop/nucleaire/projet/pages-aspirees/3-17.html#o-header-drawer 9. file:///mnt/c/users/dengmathematiques/desktop/nucleaire/projet/pages-aspirees/3-17.html#o-header-search-primary 10. file:///myft 11. file:/// 12. file:///world 13. file:///world 14. file:///global-economy 15. file:///world/uk 16. file:///world/us 17. file:///world/asia-pacific/china 18. file:///world/africa 19. file:///world/asia-pacific 20. file:///emerging-markets 21. file:///world/europe 22. file:///world/americas 23. file:///world/mideast 24. file:///content/ac431782-62c6-4f3a-a08e-d832fc4ac2a1 25. file:///content/6daac460-3bc2-461a-812e-24a018ecbd35 26. file:///content/1fc88d75-569e-4c5f-b386-95a8710b7f61 27. file:///content/b1bb5dd0-e7ce-4e15-ac48-05d2d990f6c7 28. file:///content/433645d1-2911-4480-9e88-d0096c10de21 29. file:///world/us 30. file:///world/us 31. file:///us-economy 32. file:///companies/us 33. file:///world/us/politics 34. file:///content/1828f7a3-97ad-46e2-806f-97987c079b9d 35. file:///content/32f7e58d-1c38-4d60-9466-532ca7e4b5dc 36. file:///content/6e97ac14-5ccb-4643-b3d6-c3592b241032 37. file:///content/9ff31d53-2c5a-4e82-8fab-22fbf85cb66c 38. file:///content/121e42b4-a158-445e-a69f-33d1c7e54d3b 39. file:///companies 40. file:///companies 41. file:///companies/energy 42. file:///companies/financials 43. file:///companies/health 44. file:///companies/industrials 45. file:///companies/media 46. file:///companies/professional-services 47. file:///companies/retail-consumer 48. file:///companies/technology 49. file:///companies/telecoms 50. file:///companies/transport 51. file:///content/a49554e5-13a2-4746-a9c9-d9c0d9e94f3f 52. file:///content/1828f7a3-97ad-46e2-806f-97987c079b9d 53. file:///content/6e97ac14-5ccb-4643-b3d6-c3592b241032 54. file:///content/141c06ca-19ed-45f2-8c8a-491c98bda1cb 55. file:///content/fe6d8531-9cb1-4e05-b7b0-ec4b1378527a 56. file:///technology 57. file:///markets 58. file:///markets 59. file:///alphaville 60. https://markets.ft.com/data 61. file:///capital-markets 62. file:///commodities 63. file:///currencies 64. file:///equities 65. file:///fund-management 66. file:///ft-trading-room 67. file:///moral-money 68. https://etf.ft.com/ 69. file:///cryptocurrencies 70. file:///content/774a399a-312d-4863-a087-00f5171f4e35 71. file:///content/6c0102f5-52f2-42e8-8eb4-0d5db56bca1b 72. file:///content/b8864939-113c-4ce2-9c91-b6e8556f58a5 73. file:///content/45ecf00a-0efe-4bc5-8c54-ca626ada4ecd 74. file:///content/d35efb2a-915a-473e-adad-0f2f210c4ece 75. file:///climate-capital 76. file:///opinion 77. file:///opinion 78. file:///columnists 79. file:///ft-view 80. file:///the-big-read 81. file:///lex 82. file:///obituaries 83. file:///letters 84. file:///content/105eb6d6-d060-4d2e-b42d-8484198270b5 85. file:///content/a1b5350a-4dba-40f4-833b-1e35199e2e9b 86. file:///content/3e81d26f-2902-458d-bb8c-a36fe6b59ddf 87. file:///content/ec86d70a-b9be-457b-a39b-830128055978 88. file:///content/394e7e58-e7da-4386-aa49-be800a9585a3 89. file:///work-careers 90. file:///work-careers 91. https://rankings.ft.com/ 92. file:///business-education 93. file:///entrepreneurship 94. file:///recruitment 95. file:///business-books 96. file:///business-travel 97. file:///content/7b804a0e-61b8-4fa5-ae98-7536179da028 98. file:///content/6783bf36-7efd-44e1-bca9-010cf17e746e 99. file:///content/c29d17f7-368f-457b-acc2-76f9aea7a812 100. file:///content/740e584f-0ff5-494b-8d9b-5e84d32f81a9 101. file:///content/fae933a9-3859-44a6-8ce7-484cdfa44b7f 102. file:///life-arts 103. file:///life-arts 104. file:///arts 105. file:///books 106. file:///food-drink 107. file:///magazine 108. file:///house-home 109. file:///style 110. file:///travel 111. file:///globetrotter 112. file:///content/04e5a914-a250-43b3-9e3b-8ab46397b764 113. file:///content/a1b5350a-4dba-40f4-833b-1e35199e2e9b 114. file:///content/ec86d70a-b9be-457b-a39b-830128055978 115. file:///content/07b8a172-5381-41a7-b427-a8280bb95102 116. file:///content/11ac95c4-fdd4-401f-9b50-ec3230a22737 117. file:///htsi 118. file:///login?location=/content/ba0a3cde-719b-4040-93cb-a486e1f843fb 119. file:///products?segmentid=f860e6c2-18af-ab30-cd5e-6e3a456f9265 120. file:///mnt/c/users/dengmathematiques/desktop/nucleaire/projet/pages-aspirees/3-17.html 121. file:///mnt/c/users/dengmathematiques/desktop/nucleaire/projet/pages-aspirees/3-17.html 122. file:/// 123. file:///world 124. file:///world/us 125. file:///companies 126. file:///technology 127. file:///markets 128. file:///climate-capital 129. file:///opinion 130. file:///work-careers 131. file:///life-arts 132. file:///htsi 133. file:/// 134. file:///login?location=/content/ba0a3cde-719b-4040-93cb-a486e1f843fb 135. file:///products?segmentid=f860e6c2-18af-ab30-cd5e-6e3a456f9265 136. file:///signup?offerid=41218b9e-c8ae-c934-43ad-71b13fcb4465&ft-content-uuid=ba0a3cde-719b-4040-93cb-a486e1f843fb 137. https://subs.ft.com/spa3_digital?ft-content-uuid=ba0a3cde-719b-4040-93cb-a486e1f843fb 138. https://subs.ft.com/spa3_uk3m?segmentid=461cfe95-f454-6e0b-9f7b-0800950bef25&utm_us=jjibax&utm_eu=wwibeax&utm_ca=jjibaz&utm_as=fibaz&ft-content-uuid=ba0a3cde-719b-4040-93cb-a486e1f843fb 139. https://subs.enterprise.ft.com/en-gb/licence-finder/ 140. https://enterprise.ft.com/en-gb/services/group-subscriptions/group-contact-us/b/?barriername=anon_barrier&segmentid=9fbe4fe1-9315-3d67-cc6d-2bc7650c4aea&ft-content-uuid=ba0a3cde-719b-4040-93cb-a486e1f843fb 141. file:///servicestools/help/terms 142. file:///login?location=/content/ba0a3cde-719b-4040-93cb-a486e1f843fb 143. https://www.ft.com/buy/offer/713f1e28-0bc5-8261-f1e6-eebab6f7600e 144. https://sub.ft.com/spa2_ftbform/?segmentid=f41acb70-e0cf-a8af-0be8-fa591da55ba1 145. https://sub.ft.com/spa2_web/?segmentid=f41acb70-e0cf-a8af-0be8-fa591da55ba1 146. https://subs.ft.com/spa3_weekendx?segmentid=f41acb70-e0cf-a8af-0be8-fa591da55ba1 147. https://enterprise.ft.com/ft-education-resources/licence-finder/?segmentid=6d5cdd02-8d05-0a6b-b96d-c00c3597de46 148. file:///tour 149. http://help.ft.com/ 150. https://aboutus.ft.com/contact-us 151. http://www.ft.com/aboutus 152. file:///accessibility 153. file:///tour/myft 154. https://aboutus.ft.com/en-gb/careers/ 155. http://help.ft.com/help/legal-privacy/terms-conditions/ 156. http://help.ft.com/help/legal-privacy/privacy/ 157. http://help.ft.com/help/legal-privacy/cookies/ 158. http://help.ft.com/help/legal-privacy/copyright/copyright-policy/ 159. https://help.ft.com/help/legal/slavery-statement/ 160. file:///securedrop 161. http://www.ft.com/products 162. https://enterprise.ft.com/en-gb/services/group-subscriptions/group-contact-us/?segmentid=383c7f63-abf4-b62d-cb33-4c278e6fdf61&cpccampaign=b2b_link_ft.com_footer 163. https://enterprise.ft.com/en-gb/services/republishing/ 164. http://www.businessesforsale.com/ft2/notices 165. https://www.exec-appointments.com/ 166. http://fttoolkit.co.uk/ 167. https://twitter.com/financialtimes 168. https://transact.ft.com/ 169. https://enterprise.ft.com/en-gb/services/group-subscriptions/secondary-education/ 170. https://markets.ft.com/data/portfolio/dashboard 171. https://www.ft.com/todaysnewspaper 172. http://markets.ft.com/data/alerts/ 173. https://rankings.ft.com/ 174. https://kat.ft.com/ 175. file:///news-feed 176. file:///newsletters 177. https://markets.ft.com/research/markets/currencies?segid=70113 178. https://www.ft.com/tour/community 179. http://live.ft.com/ 180. https://forums.ft.com/ 181. https://bdp.ft.com/ 182. https://ft.com/more-from-ft-group 183. http://aboutus.ft.com/en-gb/ft-editorial-code/ 184. file:/// 185. file:///?edition=uk 186. file:/// 187. file:///world 188. file:///global-economy 189. file:///world/uk 190. file:///world/us 191. file:///world/asia-pacific/china 192. file:///world/africa 193. file:///world/asia-pacific 194. file:///emerging-markets 195. file:///world/europe 196. file:///world/americas 197. file:///world/mideast 198. file:///world/us 199. file:///us-economy 200. file:///companies/us 201. file:///world/us/politics 202. file:///companies 203. file:///companies/energy 204. file:///companies/financials 205. file:///companies/health 206. file:///companies/industrials 207. file:///companies/media 208. file:///companies/professional-services 209. file:///companies/retail-consumer 210. file:///companies/technology 211. file:///companies/telecoms 212. file:///companies/transport 213. file:///technology 214. file:///markets 215. file:///alphaville 216. https://markets.ft.com/data 217. file:///capital-markets 218. file:///commodities 219. file:///currencies 220. file:///equities 221. file:///fund-management 222. file:///ft-trading-room 223. file:///moral-money 224. https://etf.ft.com/ 225. file:///cryptocurrencies 226. file:///climate-capital 227. file:///opinion 228. file:///columnists 229. file:///ft-view 230. file:///the-big-read 231. file:///lex 232. file:///obituaries 233. file:///letters 234. file:///work-careers 235. https://rankings.ft.com/ 236. file:///business-education 237. file:///entrepreneurship 238. file:///recruitment 239. file:///business-books 240. file:///business-travel 241. file:///life-arts 242. file:///arts 243. file:///books 244. file:///food-drink 245. file:///magazine 246. file:///house-home 247. file:///style 248. file:///travel 249. file:///globetrotter 250. file:///personal-finance 251. file:///personal-finance/mortgages 252. file:///personal-finance/investments 253. file:///personal-finance/pensions 254. file:///personal-finance/tax 255. file:///personal-finance/banking-savings 256. file:///personal-finance/advice-commment 257. file:///next-act 258. file:///htsi 259. file:///special-reports 260. file:///lex 261. file:///alphaville 262. file:///lunch-with-the-ft 263. file:///globetrotter 264. https://www.ft.com/tech-asia 265. file:///moral-money 266. file:///ftfm 267. file:///newsletters 268. file:///video 269. https://www.ft.com/podcasts 270. file:///news-feed 271. file:///tour/community 272. http://live.ft.com/ 273. https://forums.ft.com/ 274. https://bdp.ft.com/ 275. file:///myft 276. https://markets.ft.com/data/portfolio/dashboard 277. https://www.ft.com/todaysnewspaper 278. https://www.ft.com/crossword 279. https://www.ft.com/tour/apps 280. http://help.ft.com/ 281. file:///products?segmentid=d290332b-e8e8-d29b-2ff4-2019b13f008a 282. file:///login?location=/content/ba0a3cde-719b-4040-93cb-a486e1f843fb hidden links: 284. file://localhost/